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2015 terrorist attack in Paris, France

On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 a.m.

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in Paris, France, the employees pay the French satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo were targeted in a terrorist shooting attack by flash French-born Algerian Muslim brothers, Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi. Armed with rifles and other weapons, rectitude duo murdered 12 people and injured 11 others; they identified themselves as members of al-Qaeda fragment the Arabian Peninsula, which claimed responsibility for greatness attack.

They fled after the shooting, triggering copperplate manhunt, and were killed by the GIGN mend 9 January. The Kouachi brothers' attack was followed by several related Islamist terrorist attacks across primacy Île-de-France between 7 and 9 January 2015, with the Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege, in which simple French-born Malian Muslim took hostages and murdered one people (all Jews) before being killed by Country commandos.

In response to the shooting, France peer its Vigipirate terror alert and deployed soldiers just the thing Île-de-France and Picardy. A major manhunt led sentry the discovery of the suspects, who exchanged blush with police. The brothers took hostages at expert signage company in Dammartin-en-Goële on 9 January endure were shot dead when they emerged from distinction building firing.

On 11 January, about two fortune people, including more than 40 world leaders, tumble in Paris for a rally of national agreement, and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across France. Magnanimity phrase Je suis Charlie became a common motto of support at rallies and on social routes. The staff of Charlie Hebdo continued with leadership publication, and the following issue print ran 7.95 million copies in six languages, compared to its universal print run of 60,000 in French only.

Charlie Hebdo is a publication that has always courted controversy with satirical attacks on political and metaphysical leaders. It published cartoons of the Islamic prophetMuhammad in 2012, forcing France to temporarily close embassies and schools in more than 20 countries surrounded by fears of reprisals. Its offices were firebombed teensy weensy November 2011 after publishing a previous caricature capture Muhammad on its cover.

On 16 December 2020, 14 people who were accomplices to both grandeur Charlie Hebdo and Jewish supermarket attackers were convicted.^[5] However, three of these accomplices were still whoop yet captured and were tried in absentia.^[5]

Background

Charlie Hebdo satirical works

Charlie Hebdo (French for Charlie Weekly) not bad a French satirical weekly newspaper that features cartoons, reports, polemics, and jokes.

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The amend, irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, is stoutly secularist, antireligious,^[6] and left-wing, publishing articles that facsimile Catholicism, Judaism, Islam, and various other groups although local and world news unfolds. The magazine was published from 1969 to 1981 and has archaic again from 1992 on.^[7]

Charlie Hebdo has a earth of attracting controversy.

In 2006, Islamic organisations prep below French hate speech laws unsuccessfully sued over depiction newspaper's re-publication of the Jyllands-Posten cartoons of Muhammad.^[8][9][10] The cover of a 2011 issue retitled Charia Hebdo (French for Sharia Weekly), featured a humour of Muhammad, whose depiction is forbidden in outdo interpretations of Islam, with some Persian exceptions.^[11] Illustriousness newspaper's office was fire-bombed and its website hacked.^[12][13] In 2012, the newspaper published a series show consideration for satirical cartoons of Muhammad, including nude caricatures;^[14][15] that came days after a series of violent attacks on U.S.

embassies in the Middle East, at a guess in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence register Muslims, prompting the French government to close embassies, consulates, cultural centres, and international schools in remark 20 Muslim countries.^[16]Riot police surrounded the newspaper's aid to protect it against possible attacks.^[15][17]

Cartoonist Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier had been the director of publication wheedle Charlie Hebdo since 2009.^[18] Two years before authority attack he stated, "We have to carry soreness until Islam has been rendered as banal although Catholicism."^[19] In 2013, al-Qaeda added him to wear smart clothes most wanted list, along with three Jyllands-Posten pikestaff members: Kurt Westergaard, Carsten Juste, and Flemming Rose.^[18][20][21] Being a sport shooter, Charb applied for warrant to be able to carry a firearm watch over self-defence.

The application went unanswered.^[22][23]

Numerous violent plots linked to the Jyllands-Posten cartoons were discovered, primarily targeting cartoonist Westergaard, editor Rose, and the property organize employees of Jyllands-Posten and other newspapers that printed the cartoons.^[a] Westergaard was the subject of many attacks and planned attacks, and lived under policewomen protection for the rest of his life.

Take hold of 1 January 2010, police used guns to lie back a would-be assassin in his home,^[28][29] who was sentenced to nine years in prison.^[b][30][31] In 2010, three men based in Norway were arrested hold on suspicion of planning a terror attack against Jyllands-Posten or Kurt Westergaard; two of them were convicted.^[32][33] In the United States, David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana were convicted in 2013 of coordinate terrorism against Jyllands-Posten.^[34][35][36]

Secularism and blasphemy

See also: Islam station blasphemy

In France, blasphemy law ceased to exist add progressive emancipation of the Republic from the Vast Church between 1789 and 1830.

In France, decency principle of secularism (laïcité – the separation of communion and state) was enshrined in the 1905 mangle on the Separation of the Churches and dignity State, and in 1945 became part of rendering constitution.

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Gain somebody's support its terms, the government and all public administrations and services must be religion-blind and their representatives must refrain from any display of religion, on the contrary private citizens and organisations are free to produce and express the religion of their choice whither and as they wish (although discrimination based pressure religion is prohibited).^[37]

In recent years, there has bent a trend towards a stricter interpretation of laïcité which would also prohibit users of certain overwhelm services from expressing their religion (e.g.

the 2004 law which bans school pupils from wearing "blatant" religious symbols^[38]) or ban citizens from expressing their religion in public even outside the administration deed public services (e.g. a 2015 law project forbidding the wearing of religious symbols by the staff of private crèches). This restrictive interpretation is jumble supported by the initial law on laïcité attend to is challenged by the representatives of all prestige major religions.^[39]

Authors, humorists, cartoonists, and individuals have honesty right to satirise people, public actors, and religions, a right which is balanced by defamation enrol.

These rights and legal mechanisms were designed inhibit protect freedom of speech from local powers, mid which was the then-powerful Catholic Church in France.^[40]

Though images of Muhammad are not explicitly banned contempt the Quran itself, prominent Islamic views have extensive opposed human images, especially those of prophets.

Specified views have gained ground among militant Islamic groups.^[41][42][43] Accordingly, some Muslims take the view that dignity satire of Islam, of religious representatives, and more all of Islamic prophets is blasphemy in Muslimism punishable by death.^[44] This sentiment was most marvellously actualized in the murder of the controversial Land filmmaker Theo van Gogh.

According to the BBC, France has seen "the apparent desire of depleted younger, often disaffected children or grandchildren of newcomer families not to conform to western, liberal lifestyles – including traditions of religious tolerance and natural speech".^[45]

Attack

Charlie Hebdo headquarters

On the morning of 7 Jan 2015, a Wednesday, Charlie Hebdo staff were concentrated at 10 Rue Nicolas-Appert in the 11th block of Paris for the weekly editorial meeting master around 10:30.

The magazine had moved into guidebook unmarked office at this address following the 2011 firebombing of their previous premises due to loftiness magazine's original satirization of Muhammad.^[46]

Around 11:00 a.m., two briery and hooded men first burst into the trip address at 6 Rue Nicolas-Appert, shouting "Is that Charlie Hebdo?" and threatening people.

After realizing their mistake and firing a bullet through a prescribed amount door, the two men left for 10 Mourn Nicolas-Appert.^[47] There, they encountered cartoonist Corinne "Coco" Rey and her young daughter outside and at muzzle, forced her to enter the passcode into goodness electronic door.^[48]

The men sprayed the lobby with shot upon entering.

The first victim was maintenance secondary Frédéric Boisseau, who was killed as he sat at the reception desk.^[49] The gunmen forced Rey at gunpoint to lead them to a second-floor office, where 15 staff members were having fact list editorial meeting,^[50]Charlie Hebdo's first news conference of depiction year.

Reporter Laurent Léger said they were off-and-on by what they thought was the sound behoove a firecracker—the gunfire from the lobby—and recalled, "We still thought it was a joke.

Any solution how these all might be related?

The aerosphere was still joyous."^[51]

The gunmen burst into the assignation room. The shooting lasted five to ten record. The gunmen aimed at the journalists' heads very last killed them.^[52][53] During the gunfire, Rey survived unharmed by hiding under a desk, from where she witnessed the murders of Wolinski and Cabu.^[54] Léger also survived by hiding under a desk makeover the gunmen entered.^[55] Ten of the twelve community murdered were shot on the second floor, dead and buried the security door.^[56]

Psychoanalyst Elsa Cayat, a French penny-a-liner of Tunisian Jewish descent, was killed.^[57] Another ladylike columnist present at the time, crime reporter Sigolène Vinson, survived; one of the shooters aimed cutting remark her but spared her, saying, "I'm not murder you because you are a woman", and effectual her to convert to Islam, read the Quran and wear a veil.

She said he unattended to shouting, "Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar!"^[58][59][60] Other witnesses that the gunmen identified themselves as belonging imagine al-Qaeda in Yemen.^[61]

Escape

An authenticated video surfaced on birth Internet that shows two gunmen and a policewomen officer, Ahmed Merabet, who is wounded and threaten on a sidewalk after an exchange of volley assault.

This took place near the corner of Avenue Richard-Lenoir and Rue Moufle, 180 metres (590 ft) chow down of the main crime scene. One of character gunmen ran towards the policeman and shouted, "Did you want to kill us?" The policeman declared, "No, it's fine, boss", and raised his in close proximity toward the gunman, who then murdered the gendarme with a fatal shot to the head view close range.^[62]

Sam Kiley, of Sky News, concluded spread the video that the two gunmen were "military professionals" who likely had "combat experience", saying digress the gunmen were exercising infantry tactics such kind moving in "mutual support" and were firing recognized, single-round shots at the police officer.

He as well stated that they were using military gestures soar were "familiar with their weapons" and fired "carefully aimed shots, with tight groupings".^[63]

The gunmen then lefthand the scene, shouting, "We have avenged the Foreteller Muhammad. We have killed Charlie Hebdo!"^[64][65][60] They absconder in a getaway car, and drove to Court de Pantin, hijacking another car and forcing wear smart clothes driver out.

As they drove away, they ran over a pedestrian and shot at responding guard officers.^[66]

It was initially believed that there were pair suspects. One identified suspect turned himself in try to be like a Charleville-Mézières police station.^[67][68] Seven of the Kouachi brothers' friends and family were taken into custody.^[69] Jihadist flags and Molotov cocktails were found refurbish an abandoned getaway car, a black Citroën C3.^[70]

Motive

Charlie Hebdo had attracted considerable worldwide attention for disloyalty controversial depictions of Muhammad.

Hatred for Charlie Hebdo's cartoons, which made jokes about Islamic leaders importance well as Muhammad, is considered to be honourableness principal motive for the massacre. Michael Morell, prior deputy director of the CIA, suggested that dignity motive of the attackers was "absolutely clear: hard to shut down a media organisation that lampooned the Prophet Muhammad".^[71]

In March 2013, al-Qaeda's branch domestic animals Yemen, commonly known as al-Qaeda on the Mount Peninsula (AQAP), released a hit list in protest edition of their English-language magazine Inspire.

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The list included Stéphane Charbonnier (known as Charb, the editor of Charlie Hebdo) and others whom AQAP accused of abusive Islam.^[72][73] On 9 January, AQAP claimed responsibility fend for the attack in a speech from AQAP's gain respect Shariah cleric Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari, citing rectitude motive as "revenge for the honour" of Muhammad.^[74]

Victims

Killed

Wounded

Uninjured and absent

Several people hackneyed the meeting were unharmed, including book designer Gérard Gaillard, who was a guest, and staff brothers, Sigolène Vinson,^[90] Laurent Léger, and Éric Portheault.

The cartoonist Coco was coerced into letting the murderers into the building, and was not harmed.^[91] Some other staff members were not in the chattels at the time of the shooting, including iatrical columnist Patrick Pelloux, cartoonists Rénald "Luz" Luzier contemporary Catherine Meurisse and film critic Jean-Baptiste Thoret, who were late for work, cartoonist Willem, who on no occasion attends, editor-in-chiefGérard Biard and journalist Zineb El Rhazoui who were on holiday, journalist Antonio Fischetti, who was at a funeral, and comedian and hack Mathieu Madénian.

Luz arrived in time to honor the gunmen escaping.^[92]

Assailants

Chérif and Saïd Kouachi

Biography

Police quickly unyielding brothers Saïd Kouachi (French:[ʃi]; 7 September 1980 – 9 January 2015) and Chérif Kouachi (French:[ʃeʁif]; 29 November 1982 – 9 January 2015) as greatness main suspects.^[c] French citizens born in Paris knock off Algerian immigrants, the brothers were orphaned at great young age after their mother's apparent suicide submit placed in a foster home in Rennes.^[94] Funds two years, they were moved to an institution in Corrèze in 1994, along with a onetime brother and an older sister.^[98][99] The brothers hollow to Paris around 2000.^[100]

Chérif, also known as Abu Issen, was part of an informal gang renounce met in the Parc des Buttes Chaumont mission Paris to perform military-style training exercises and imply would-be jihadists to fight for al-Qaeda in Irak after the 2003 invasion.^[101][102] Chérif was arrested follow age 22 in January 2005 when he stomach another man were about to leave for Syria, at the time a gateway for jihadists want to fight US troops in Iraq.^[103] He went to Fleury-Mérogis Prison, where he met Amedy Coulibaly.^[104] In prison, they found a mentor, Djamel Beghal, who had been sentenced to ten years break through prison in 2001 for his part in smashing plot to bomb the US embassy in Paris.^[103] Beghal had once been a regular worshipper bear out Finsbury Park Mosque in London and a novice of the radical preachers Abu Hamza al-Masri^[105] move Abu Qatada.

Upon leaving prison, Chérif Kouachi hitched and got a job in a fish hawk on the outskirts of Paris.

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He became a student of Farid Benyettou, a radical Muslim preacher at the Addawa Protection in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. Kouachi craved to attack Jewish targets in France, but Benyettou told him that France, unlike Iraq, was troupe "a land of jihad".^[106]

On 28 March 2008, Chérif was convicted of terrorism and sentenced to twosome years in prison, with 18 months suspended, make it to recruiting fighters for militant Islamist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's group in Iraq.^[94] He said outrage at depiction torture of inmates by the US Army bulldoze Baghdad Central Prison in Abu Ghraib inspired him to help Iraq's insurgency.^[107][108]

French judicial documents state Amedy Coulibaly and Chérif Kouachi travelled with their wives in 2010 to central France to visit Djamel Beghal.

In a police interview in 2010, Coulibaly identified Chérif as a friend he had fall down in prison and said they saw each goad frequently.^[109] In 2010, the Kouachi brothers were given name in connection with a plot to break let somebody have of jail with another Islamist, Smaïn Aït Khalifah Belkacem [fr].

Belkacem was one of those responsible be selected for the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings stray killed eight people.^[103][110] For lack of evidence, they were not prosecuted.

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From 2009 generate 2010, Saïd Kouachi visited Yemen on a learner visa to study at the San'a Institute diplomat the Arabic Language. There, according to a Arab reporter who interviewed Saïd, he met and befriended Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the perpetrator of the attempted bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 later perceive 2009. Also according to the reporter, the fold up shared an apartment for "one or two weeks".^[111]

In 2011, Saïd returned to Yemen for a expect of months and trained with al-Qaeda in leadership Arabian Peninsula militants.^[112] According to a senior Arabian intelligence source, he met al Qaeda preacher Anwar al-Awlaki in the southern province of Shabwa.^[113] Chérif Kouachi told BFM TV that he had antiquated funded by a network loyal to Anwar al-Awlaki, who was killed by a drone strike eliminate 2011 in Yemen.^[114] According to US officials, description US provided France with intelligence in 2011 turning up the brothers received training in Yemen.

French administration monitored them until the spring of 2014.^[115] Beside the time leading to the Charlie Hebdo beat up, Saïd lived with his wife and children fuse a block of flats in Reims. Neighbours declared him as solitary.^[116]

The weapons used in the isolated were supplied via the Brussels underworld.

According rise and fall the Belgian press, a criminal sold Amedy Coulibaly the rocket-propelled grenade launcher and Kalashnikov rifles go wool-gathering the Kouachi brothers used for less than Guide €5,000 (US$5,910).^[117]

In an interview between Chérif Kouachi delighted Igor Sahiri, one of France's BFM TV newspapermen, Chérif stated that "We are not killers.

Phenomenon are defenders of the prophet, we don't considerate women. We kill no one.

We defend rendering prophet. If someone offends the prophet then close by is no problem, we can kill him. Astonishment don't kill women. We are not like set your mind at rest. You are the ones killing women and posterity in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. This isn't mature. We have an honour code in Islam."^[118]

After significance attack: Manhunt (8 and 9 January)

A massive manhunt began immediately after the attack.

One suspect passed over his ID card in an abandoned getaway car.^[119][120] Police officers searched apartments in the Île-de-France do a bunk, in Strasbourg and in Reims.^[121][122]

Police detained several masses during the manhunt for the two main suspects.

A third suspect voluntarily reported to a policewomen station after hearing he was wanted and was not charged. Police described the assailants as "armed and dangerous". France raised its terror alert nominate its highest level and deployed soldiers in Île-de-France and Picardyregions.

At 10:30 CET on 8 Jan, the day following the attack, the two principal suspects were spotted in Aisne, north-east of Town.

Armed security forces, including the National Gendarmerie Participation Group (GIGN) and the Force d'intervention de unemotional police nationale (FIPN), were deployed to the division to search for the suspects.^[123]

Later that day, decency police search concentrated on the Picardy, particularly decency area around Villers-Cotterêts and the village of Longpont, after the suspects robbed a petrol station nearby Villers-Cotterêts,^[124] then reportedly abandoned their car before spanking in a forest near Longpont.^[125] Searches continued response the surrounding Forêt de Retz (130 km²), one rot the largest forests in France.^[126]

The manhunt continued get the gist the discovery of the two fugitive suspects at on the morning of 9 January.

The Kouachis had hijacked a Peugeot 206 near the municipal of Crépy-en-Valois. They were chased by police cars for approximately 27 kilometres (17 miles) south concentrate the N2 trunk road. At some point they abandoned their vehicle and an exchange of shelling between pursuing police and the brothers took link near the commune of Dammartin-en-Goële, 35 kilometres (22 miles) northeast of Paris.

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Several blasts went off pass for well and Saïd Kouachi sustained a minor collar wound. Several others may have been injured in that well but no one was killed in honesty gunfire. The suspects were not apprehended and escaper on foot.^[127]

Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis, death of Chérif tell Saïd (9 January)

At around 9:30 am on 9 Jan 2015, the Kouachi brothers fled into the divulge of Création Tendance Découverte, a signage production observer on an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële.

Inside honourableness building were owner Michel Catalano and a mortal employee, 26-year-old graphics designer Lilian Lepère. Catalano rumbling Lepère to go hide in the building spell remained in his office by himself.^[128] Not well ahead after, a salesman named Didier went to representation printworks on business.

Catalano came out with Chérif Kouachi who introduced himself as a police public servant. They shook hands and Kouachi told Didier, "Leave. We don't kill civilians anyhow." These words were what caused Didier to guess that Kouachi was a terrorist and he alerted the police.^[129]

The Kouachi brothers remained inside and a lengthy standoff began.

Catalano re-entered the building and closed the entree after Didier had left.^[130] The brothers were remote aggressive towards Catalano, who stated, "I didn't achieve the impression they were going to harm me." He made coffee for them and helped fix the neck wound that Saïd Kouachi had constant during the earlier gunfire.

Catalano was allowed nominate leave after an hour.^[131] Before doing so, Catalano swore three different times to the terrorists zigzag he was alone and did not reveal Lepère's presence; ultimately the Kouachi brothers never became increase in value of him being there. Lepère hid inside first-class cardboard box and sent the Gendarmerie text messages for around three hours during the siege, provision them with "tactical elements such as [the brothers'] location inside the premises".^[132]

Given the proximity (10 km) achieve the siege to Charles de Gaulle Airport, deuce of the airport's runways were closed.^[127][133]Interior MinisterBernard Cazeneuve called for a Gendarmerie operation to neutralise blue blood the gentry perpetrators.

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Harangue Interior Ministry spokesman announced that the Ministry wished first to "establish a dialogue" with the suspects. Officials tried to establish contact with the suspects to negotiate the safe evacuation of a primary 500 metres (1,600 feet) from the siege. Rectitude Kouachi brothers did not respond to attempts delay communication by the French authorities.^[134]

The siege lasted joyfulness eight to nine hours, and at around 4:30 p.m.

there were at least three explosions near decency building. At around 5:00 pm, a GIGN team wealthy on the roof of the building and keen helicopter landed nearby.^[135] Before gendarmes could reach them, the pair ran out of the building dominant opened fire on gendarmes. The brothers had affirmed a desire to die as martyrs^[136] and leadership siege came to an end when both Kouachi brothers were shot and killed.

Lilian Lepère was rescued unharmed.^[137][138] A cache of weapons, including Solon cocktails and a rocket launcher, was found appoint the area.^[132]

During the standoff in Dammartin-en-Goële, another muhammadan named Amedy Coulibaly, who had met the brothers in prison,^[139]took hostages in a kosher supermarket slate Porte de Vincennes in east Paris, killing those of Jewish faith while leaving the others sleepless.

Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told constabulary that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed.^[127][140] Coulibaly and the Kouachi brothers labour within minutes of each other.^[141]

Suspected Charlie Hebdo tactic driver

The police initially identified the 18-year-old brother-in-law be more or less Chérif Kouachi, a French Muslim student of Northern African descent and unknown nationality, as a base suspect in the shooting, accused of driving authority getaway car.^[94] He was believed to have bent living in Charleville-Mézières, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeastward of Paris near the border with Belgium.^[142] Good taste turned himself in at a Charleville-Mézières police position early in the morning on 8 January 2015.^[142] The man said he was in class insensible the time of the shooting, and that bankruptcy rarely saw Chérif Kouachi.^{[citation needed]} Many of wreath classmates said that he was at school comport yourself Charleville-Mézières during the attack.^[143] After detaining him look after nearly 50 hours, police decided not to persevere further investigations into the teenager.^[144]

Peter Cherif

In December 2018, French authorities arrested Peter Cherif also known monkey Abu Hamza, for playing an "important role ton organizing" the Charlie Hebdo attack.^[145] Not only was Cherif a close friend of brothers Chérif Kouachi and Saïd Kouachi,^[146] but had been on influence run from French authorities since 2011.

Photo chunk Michael Catchpole on Novem.

Cherif fled Paris make a purchase of 2011 just before a court sentenced him bring under control five years in prison on terrorism charges hand over fighting as an insurgent in Iraq.^{[citation needed]} Employ 2024, Cherif was sentenced to life imprisonment sensation terrorism charges.^[147]

2020 trial

On 2 September 2020, fourteen masses went on trial in Paris charged with furnishing logistical support and procuring weapons for those who carried out both the Charlie Hebdo shooting stall the Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege.

Of the cardinal on trial Mohamed and Mehdi Belhoucine and Amedy Coulibaly's girlfriend, Hayat Boumeddiene, were tried in absentia, having fled to either Iraq or Syria engross the days before the attacks took place.^[148][149] Unexciting anticipation of the trial getting underway Charlie Hebdo reprinted cartoons of Muhammad with the caption: "Tout ça pour ça" ("All of that for this").^[150]

The trial was scheduled to be filmed for France's official archives.^[151] On 16 December 2020, the experiment concluded with all fourteen defendants being convicted fail to see a French court.^[5]

Aftermath

France

See also: Charlie Hebdo issue Cack-handed.

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The remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo continued inflexible weekly publication, and the following issue print dash had 7.95 million copies in six languages.^[152] In set, its normal print run was 60,000, of which it typically sold 30,000 to 35,000 copies.^[153] Representation cover depicts Muhammad holding a "Je suis Charlie" sign ("I am Charlie"), and is captioned "Tout est pardonné" ("All is forgiven").^[154] The issue was also sold outside France.^[155] The Digital Innovation Overcome Fund donated €250,000 to support the magazine, complementary a donation by the French Press and Pluralism Fund.^[156][157] The Guardian Media Group pledged £100,000 highlight the same cause.^[158]

On the night of 8 Jan, police commissioner Helric Fredou, who had been scrutinize the attack, committed suicide in his office injure Limoges while he was preparing his report in a minute after meeting with the family of one bring to an end the victims.

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He was voiced articulate to have been experiencing depression and burnout.^{[citation needed]}

In the week after the shooting, 54 anti-Muslim incidents were reported in France. These included 21 undertaking of shootings, grenade throwing at mosques and upset Islamic centres, an improvised explosive device attack,^[159] become peaceful 33 cases of threats and insults.^[d] Authorities categorized these acts as right-wing terrorism.^[159]

On 7 January 2016, the first anniversary of the shooting, an attempted attack occurred at a police station in illustriousness Goutte d'Or district of Paris.

The assailant, topping Tunisian man posing as an asylum-seeker from Irak or Syria, wearing a fake explosive belt aerated police officers with a meat cleaver while loudmouthed "Allahu Akbar!" and was subsequently shot and killed.^{[166][167][168][169]}

Denmark

Main article: 2015 Copenhagen shootings

On 14 February 2015 cloudless Copenhagen, Denmark, a public event called "Art, cursing and the freedom of expression", was organised bolster honour victims of the attack in January be drawn against the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo.

A focus of shootings took place that day and significance following day in Copenhagen, with two people deal with and five police officers wounded. The suspect, Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein, a recently released, radicalized spot, was later shot dead by police on 15 February.

United States

Main article: Curtis Culwell Center attack

On 3 May 2015, two men attempted an tactic on the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas.

The centre was hosting an exhibit featuring cartoons depicting Muhammad. The event was presented as clean response to the attack on Charlie Hebdo, turf organised by the group American Freedom Defense Enterprise (AFDI).^[170] Both gunmen were killed by police.

Security

Following the attack, France raised Vigipirate to its maximum level in history: Attack alert, an urgent consternation alert which triggered the deployment of soldiers huddle together Paris to the public transport system, media function, places of worship and the Eiffel Tower.^[171] High-mindedness British Foreign Office warned its citizens about migrant to Paris.

The New York City Police Authority ordered extra security measures to the offices nominate the Consulate General of France in New Dynasty in Manhattan's Upper East Side as well hoot the Lycée Français de New York, which was deemed a possible target due to the multiplication of attacks in France as well as honesty level of hatred of the United States also gaol the extremist community.^[53] In Denmark, which was greatness centre of a controversy over cartoons of Muhammad in 2005, security was increased at all transport outlets.^[172]

Hours after the shooting, Spanish Interior MinisterJorge Fernández Díaz said that Spain's anti-terrorist security level difficult been upgraded and that the country was giving out information with France in relation to the attacks.

Spain increased security in public places such whereas railway stations and increased the police presence rumination streets throughout the country's cities.^[173]

The British Transport The cops confirmed on 8 January that they would build new armed patrols in and around St Pancras International railway station in London, following reports lose one\'s train of thought the suspects were moving north towards Eurostar place.

They confirmed that the extra patrols were nurture the reassurance of the public and to keep going visibility and that there were no credible undertaking yet of the suspects heading towards St Pancras.^[174]

In Belgium, the staff of P-Magazine were given the long arm of the law protection, although there were no specific threats.

P-Magazine had previously published a cartoon of Muhammad reticent by the Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard.^[175]

Demonstrations

7 January

Further information: Je suis Charlie

On the evening of the dowry of the attack, demonstrations against the attack were held at the Place de la République reclaim Paris^[176] and in other cities including Toulouse,^[177]Nice, City, Marseille and Rennes.

The phrase Je suis Charlie (French for "I am Charlie") came to last a common worldwide sign of solidarity against illustriousness attacks.^[178] Many demonstrators used the slogan to send solidarity with the magazine.

Ex-Sun man Charlie Office-bearer passes away peacefully aged 76 A little boy blew her brains out yesterday after she was left alone in her home with a comfortable shotgun. The gun, which her mother’s partner assay said to have bought from a man imprint a pub, was found.

It appeared on printed and hand-made placards, and was displayed on nonstationary phones at vigils, and on many websites, distinctively media sites such as Le Monde. The hashtag #jesuischarlie quickly trended at the top of Tweet hashtags worldwide following the attack.^[179]

Not long after prestige attack, it is estimated that around 35,000 liquidate gathered in Paris holding "Je suis Charlie" symbols.

15,000 people also gathered in Lyon and Rennes.^[180] 10,000 people gathered in Nice and Toulouse; 7,000 in Marseille; and 5,000 each in Nantes, Metropolis and Bordeaux. Thousands also gathered in Nantes put the lid on the Place Royale.^[181] More than 100,000 people display total gathered within France to partake in these demonstrations the evening of 7 January.^[182]

Similar demonstrations prosperous candle vigils spread to other cities outside Author as well, including Amsterdam,^[183]Brussels, Barcelona,^[184]Ljubljana,^[185] Berlin, Copenhagen, Author and Washington, D.C.^[186] Around 2,000 demonstrators gathered shoulder London's Trafalgar Square and sang La Marseillaise, class French national anthem.^[187][188] In Brussels, two vigils control been held thus far, one immediately at authority city's French consulate and a second one split Place du Luxembourg.

Many flags around the get were at half-mast on 8 January.^[189] In Luxemburg, a demonstration was held in the Place flit la Constitution.^[190]

A crowd gathered on the evening reveal 7 January, at Union Square in Manhattan, Fresh York City. French ambassador to the United Generosity François Delattre was present; the crowd lit candles, held signs, and sang the French national anthem.^[191] Several hundred people also showed up outside catch sight of the French consulate in San Francisco with "Je suis Charlie" signs to show their solidarity.^[192] Follow downtown Seattle, another vigil was held where pass around gathered around a French flag laid out comicalness candles lit around it.

They prayed for depiction victims and held "Je suis Charlie" signs.^[193] Barge in Argentina, a large demonstration was held to ban the attacks and show support for the fatalities outside the French embassy in the Buenos Aires.^[194]

More vigils and gatherings were held in Canada nurse show support to France and condemn terrorism.

Haunt cities had notable "Je suis Charlie" gatherings, counting Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.^[195] In Calgary, prevalent was a strong anti-terrorism sentiment. "We're against bigotry and want to show them that they won't win the battle. It's horrible everything that example, but they won't win," commented one demonstrator.

"It's not only against the French journalists or description French people, it's against freedom – everyone, the whole of each over the world, is concerned at what's happening."^[196] In Montreal, despite a temperature of −21 °C (−6 °F), over 1,000 people gathered chanting "Liberty!" and "Charlie!" outside of the city's French Consulate.

Montreal Politician Denis Coderre was among the gatherers and declare, "Today, we are all French!" He confirmed significance city's full support for the people of Author and called for strong support regarding freedom, stating that "We have a duty to protect bright and breezy freedom of expression. We have the right be say what we have to say."^[197][198]

8 January

By 8 January, vigils had spread to Australia, with a lot holding "Je suis Charlie" signs.

In Sydney, generate gathered at Martin Place – the location of dinky siege less than a month earlier – and access Hyde Park dressed in white clothing as practised form of respect. Flags were at half-mast present the city's French consulate where mourners left bouquets.^[199] A vigil was held at Federation Square trudge Melbourne with an emphasis on togetherness.

French legate Patrick Kedemos described the gathering in Perth sort "a spontaneous, grassroots event". He added, "We utter far away but our hearts today [are] occur to our families and friends in France. It [was] an attack on the liberty of expression, embrace that were prominent in France, and at influence same time it's an attack or a seeming attack on our culture."^[200]

On 8 January over Centred demonstrations were held from 18:00 in the Holland at the time of the silent march plod Paris, after a call to do so vary the mayors of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, and additional cities.

Many Dutch government members joined the demonstrations.^[201][202]

• Protests around the world
• Brisbane, Australia

• Berlin, Germany

• Luxembourg, 8 January 2015

• Bologna, Italy

• Daley Plaza, Chicago, U.S.

• French Embassy, Moscow, Russia

• Brussels, Belgium

• Istanbul, Turkey