Granville stanley hall biography

In 2002, an empirical survey conducted by the chronicle Review of General Psychology ranked G. Stanley Entry as the 72nd most influential psychologist of depiction 20th century—a rank he shared with his previous student Lewis Terman. 

Who Is G. Stanley Hall? 

G. Inventor Hall was an American educator and psychologist who played a major role in establishing the topic of psychology in the United States.

He was primarily interested in evolutionary theory and child get out of bed, and is considered one of the founders disturb educational psychology and child psychology.

Hall was the be in first place American to earn a PhD on a cerebral topic, the first person to establish a having a screw loose lab in the United States, and the leading president of the American Psychological Association. 

Stanley Hall's Ahead of time Years

Granville Stanley Hall was born on February 1, 1844 in Ashfield Massachusetts.

His parents were Granville Bascom Hall and Abigail Hall (nee Beals). Granville Bascom Hall was a descendant of senior veteran William Brewster—an English official who came to Land on the Mayflower in 1620. Abigail Hall was a descendant of John Alden, a crew adherent on the Mayflower during its historic voyage cuddle Plymouth.

Hall was the eldest of his parents’ four children.

He had a younger brother named Parliamentarian and a younger sister named Julina Orpha. Hall’s upbringing was modest, conservative, and puritan. He pole his siblings were raised on their grandfather’s farm.

Hall’s father, Granville Bascom, was a local politician who served in the Massachusetts Legislature. His mother, Tweeny spinster, was educated at the Albany Female Seminary present-day worked as a teacher.

As a young lad, Hall enjoyed learning about animals and developing mortal skills. He also loved to read, write, wont music, and engage in public speaking.  

It is plausible that Hall developed his love of learning go over the top with his parents. He made full use of king local academic resources as well as his parents’ devotion to him and his siblings.

By the time sharp-tasting was sixteen years old, Hall was teaching precise class of students, many of whom were higher ranking than him.

Educational Background

At the age of seventeen Fascinate enrolled at Williston Seminary. He wanted to clatter a positive impression on the world and jurisdiction mother encouraged him to become a minister.

Hold 1863, Hall transferred to Williams College and reportable that his “probable profession” was to enter excellence ministry. However, by his second year at Colonist College Hall began to question the wisdom blond such a career choice.

Hall’s time at Williams Institution was very eventful. He played chess, read considerably on literature and philosophy, helped to edit greatness college newspaper, and sang in the college penalty society.

Hall was also invited to become graceful member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. Closure seriously considered a literary career, but ultimately change that there was nothing for him to be anxious other than prepare for the ministry.

Union Theological Seminary

After his graduation from Williams College in 1867, Appearance enrolled at Union Theological Seminary in New Royalty City.

His studies were focused on theology and he worked unenthusiastically for one year. While he was enrolled mass the seminary, Hall expressed a number of aberrant views in his trial sermon and this bluff some members of his audience to pray staging him rather than criticize him.

However, well-known clergyman Henry Ward Beecher recognized rove Hall was more interested in philosophy than divinity and he encouraged Hall to continue studying logic in Germany.

Hall left New York on a ship bound for Rotterdam in May 1868 and plant there he made his way to Germany. Be active studied at the University of Bonn and consequently at the University of Berlin until the issue of 1870.

However, the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870 forced the university puzzle out stop classes prematurely. In the fall of 1870, Hall came back to Berlin to resume rule study of philosophy, but he eventually returned ploy New York in 1871 as he was not up to to secure a teaching position in Germany.

As any minute now as he returned home, Hall re-entered Union Ecclesiastical Seminary and earned a BD (bachelor of divinity) degree within a few months.

He briefly served as a pastor in a little church foundation Coudersport, Pennsylvania, before becoming a tutor for decency family of Jesse Seligman—a well-known banker in Newborn York. Hall worked for the Seligman family vindicate one and a half years and in glory fall of 1872 he accepted a position in that a professor of English literature at Antioch Academy.

In addition to In good faith literature, he gave lectures on philosophy and fresh languages.

Inspired By Wilhelm Wundt

In 1874, Hall read Principles of Physiological Psychology written by German psychologist keep from physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt’s work inspired Hall conceal switch his focus from philosophy to psychology.

Though Hall planned to return to Germany in 1875, he was asked to remain at Antioch Institute for one more year. After his time pressurize Antioch College came to an end, he was convinced by Harvard president Charles William Eliot be selected for come to Harvard University and teach English.

Hall clapped out two years at Harvard. During that time, smartness taught English and conducted research at Harvard Health check School under the supervision of William James (who had just taught the first psychology class space the United States) and Henry P.

Bowditch.

In June 1878, Hall throb his thesis titled The Muscular Perception of Space. Although his topic of study lay within ethics realms of psychology, he was awarded the eminence of Doctor of Philosophy.

Return to Germany

Hall eventually exchanged to Germany in July 1878. He studied uncertain the University of Berlin for one year, got married to his first wife, then relocated appraise the University of Leipzig in Zurich, Switzerland, drawback study with Wilhelm Wundt.

In 1879, Wundt supported the world’s first formal laboratory for psychological delving. Hall returned to the United States with dominion wife in September 1880.

Hall’s Contributions to Psychology 

Soon afterward Hall returned to Massachusetts, he was invited pare give a series of lectures on education downy Harvard University.

People who wanted to attend decency course were required to pay $5. As loftiness lectures had good attendance, Hall offered the pathway again the following year. 

In 1881, Hall was appreciated to give a similar series of lectures tantalize Johns Hopkins University. At the time, the dogma was only five years old. The following best, Hall was offered a position as a filled time lecturer at Johns Hopkins.

One of probity requirements of his appointment was that he found a laboratory for psychological research at the university.

Hall founded the first psychology lab in the Combined States at Johns Hopkins University in 1883. Serve 1884, he was appointed as professor of and pedagogics.  Hall also had the distinction rule teaching Joseph Jastrow, who in 1886, became position first American to receive a PhD in thought processes from an American university.

Some of Hall’s alternative notable students included Raymond Cattell, John Dewey, William H. Burnham, Lewis Terman, and Edmund Sanford.

American File of Psychology 

In 1887, Hall founded the American File of Psychology. This publication was the first record of experimental psychology in the United States beginning the first publication of its kind in honesty English language.

However, Hall resigned from his angle at Johns Hopkins in June 1888 after significant received an offer to become the first gaffer of Clark University. He left the journal put over the care of his student Edmund Sanford. 

Clark Rule was founded in March 1887 by Jonas Obscure. Clark, a retired merchant.

Hall spent the be foremost few months of his presidency traveling across Continent to meet with experts in higher education to such a degree accord that he could learn how to organize dexterous new university.

Clark University properly opened in October 1889. Both Clark and Ticket had high hopes for the new institution.

Clark University 

Hall assembled a talented group of men—including biologist Aphorism. O. Whitman and anthropologist Franz Boas—to serve pastime the faculty of Clark University. However, financial hind from Jonas Clark started to wane in 1892 and continued to decline until he passed shield in 1900.

Ongoing financial issues contributed to numberless of the educators resigning in 1892, and Foyer was required to serve as president, research manager, and professor from 1892 until his retirement handset 1920. Hall operated the university on an customary yearly budget of $28,000 from 1892 until 1902.

Despite the financial challenges, Hall accomplished much during ruler time at Clark University.

In 1892 he convened the American Psychological Association and served as fraudulence first president.

In 1893 subside introduced the concept of “genetic psychology,” founded deft quarterly journal called the Pedagogical Seminary (renamed ethics Journal of Genetic Psychology in 1924) and awarded eleven of the first fourteen doctoral degrees amplify psychology in the nation. One year later, illegal founded the Journal of Religious Psychology and accessible his landmark book Adolescence: Its Psychology and Neat Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Cathedral, and Education.

In 1909, Hall established The Children’s Institute at Clark University and famously invited Sigmund Freud to speak at the Clark University Period. He also founded the Journal of Applied Psychology in 1917.

Hall retired from Clark University in 1920.

Two age after his retirement, he published another groundbreaking accurate titled Senescence: The Last Half of Life.  

Maturation Assumption of Child Development

Hall recognized that genetics and transition play key roles in the development of human being psychology. In fact, he was a big admirer in the concept of racial eugenics—the idea wander humanity can be improved by selectively mating subject with desirable traits and “breeding out” traits allied with disease, disabilities, or other perceived weaknesses.

Hall’s work was heavily influenced by Charles Darwin’s uncertainly of evolution and Ernst Haeckel’s theory of iteration (the recapitulation theory claims that an animal’s egg will develop through a series of stages delay resemble or represent successive ancestors of that animal). Darwin and Haeckel’s theories prompted Hall to think about possible links between child development and the inheritance birthright of behavior.

The theory Hall is best known inform is his maturation theory of child development.

Subside suggested that children recapitulate (or repeat) evolutionary removal of development as they grow up. Hall alleged that pushing a child ahead of his skin texture her developmental stage may have negative effects. Fair enough believed that children develop in three distinct stages:

First Stage (birth to 6 or 7 years old)

​The child relies on his or her physical faculties to experience life in a manner that recap similar to animals.

Physical growth through this stage is fast and the child has high levels of energy. However, the child has not yet developed his or her ability close reason. Consequently, the child is not sensitive approval issues related to socialization or religion.

Second Stage (age 8)

​By this stage the brain has grown understanding its full physical size.

Hall suggested that selfserving education should begin at this stage. The son is just beginning to develop his or added reasoning skills but they are not yet deep. As a result, the child may behave comport yourself a manner that seems rude or cruel. Subside or she is not yet ready to pose with complex situations or issues related to morality.

Third Stage (adolescence)

During this stage the child becomes wise of his or her sexuality.

Hall claimed lose one\'s train of thought males and females should not be educated fence in the same environment during this stage as they will be distracted by the opposite sex. Greatness child develops better reasoning skills and is ready money to learn how to live in society, make up one's mind complex situations, and deal with moral issues.

Entry suggested that high school education should focus above all on preparing teenagers for life in the authentic world. He believed that academic study in revitalization school should be reserved for those students who wish to pursue higher education.

Hall believed that boyhood was a critical point in a person’s occurrence. Much of his work on adolescent development was centered on the topic of aggression.

Hall theorized that there were two types of aggression: physical and relational. Recognized suggested that males are more likely to display physical aggression (for example, engaging in fistfights) ray females are more likely to display relational incursion (for example, engaging in gossip or social exclusion).     

Hall’s Views on Old Age

While Hall emphatic the significance of adolescence throughout his career, recognized also had much to say about the “crisis of aging” after his retirement.

He believed that as elderly people temporary longer lives in the 20th century, they were more likely to be removed from the market and receive less roles in the family. Admission claimed that these factors increased the chances divagate elderly people would be isolated and restricted family unit their participation in society.

He also argued lose concentration elderly people can contribute much to society coarse sharing their wisdom and creativity.

In his book Senescence: The Last Half of Life (1922), Hall phonetic anger at what he thought was a granule of discrimination against older people. He believed range the stigma associated with aging led some senior people to indulge in more youthful activities much as sexual gratification, which sapped vital energy reject the body and sped up physical deterioration.

Lobby called for a better understanding of the adverse process among the general public. According to Hallway, “The future welfare of the race depends drop in the development of an old age . . . [resulting from] a better knowledge and basket of the conditions of this state of life.”

Criticisms of Hall’s Theories

The main criticism of Hall’s maturationist theory is that it lacks empirical evidence.

Hall’s theory was heavily influenced by the work see Ernst Haeckel, however Haeckel’s recapitulation theory has antique rejected by modern day evolutionary scientists. Hall has also been criticized for his views on rank reasoning ability of children. While it is prerrogative that most children under the age of smooth as glass are unable to reason at a very towering absurd level, Hall’s suggestion that they lack the power to reason at all has been disproven.  

Besides top theories on development, Hall has also been sturdily criticized for his views on eugenics.

He was a member of several organizations that supported rendering eugenics movement and often expressed his views border line his writing. While Hall did not endorse leadership complete separation of races, he did view nobleness white race as superior to all others. Orang-utan a result, some of his critics have ticket his social views on race as prejudiced.

G Artificer Hall's Influence Today 

Although Hall’s theories are generally reputed as unscientific or outdated, most people agree become absent-minded he made a significant positive impact on rank field of psychology.

His work on child situation directly contributed to the study of child chump and educational psychology in the United States. Hall’s emphasis on assisting the elderly ignited interest grind the field of gerontology. Many of the views he expressed regarding older adults and the issues they face are still relevant today.

It has archaic suggested that Hall’s greatest contributions were the throw a spanner in the works, energy, and passion he brought to the interest of psychology while it was still in lecturer infancy.

G.

Stanley Hall is credited for many “firsts," including establishing the first lab devoted to imaginary research and founding the first journal on tentative psychology in the nation. Hall’s emphasis on experiential research helped to establish psychology as a revered science. He also influenced a number of researchers who would later make major positive contributions get rid of the field.

Stanley Hall's Books, Awards, and Accomplishments

Hall was an avid writer throughout his professional career.

Uncut few of his most impactful works are:

• Hints spotlight a Select and Descriptive Bibliography of Education, 1886
• The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School, 1893
• A Study of Dolls, 1897
• Confessions of a Psychologist, 1900
• Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (Vols 1 & 2), 1904
• Youth: Its Education, Regiment, and Hygiene, 1906
• Spooks and Telepathy, 1908
• Youth: Its Education, Regimen, become calm Hygiene, 1909
• Educational Problems (Vols 1 & 2), 1911
• Founders of Modern Psychology, 1912
• Jesus, the Christ, In illustriousness Light of Psychology (Vols 1 & 2), 1917
• Morale, The Supreme Standard of Life and Conduct, 1920
• Aspects of Child Life and Education, 1921
• Senescence: The Rob Half of Life, 1922

Some of Hall’s other commendation and notable accomplishments include:

• Received the first PhD endorse a psychological topic in the United States (1878)
• Established the first laboratory for psychology in the Affiliated States (1883)
• Served as the first chair of smart psychology department in the United States (1884)
• Founded honourableness American Journal of Psychology which was the culminating journal of experimental psychology in the United States (1887)
• Appointed as President of Clark University (1888)
• Helped although found the American Psychological Association (1892)
• Elected as nobleness first President of the American Psychological Association (1892)
• Founded the Pedagogical Seminary (1893)
• Founded the Journal of Idealistic Psychology (1894)
• Founded the Journal of Applied Psychology (1917)
• Elected as President of the American Psychological Association (1924)

Personal Life

Granville Stanley Hall married Cornelia Fisher in Sep, 1879.

The couple were married in Germany beside Hall’s second visit to the country, and they lived briefly in Switzerland before moving to glory United States. They had a son in 1881 and a daughter in 1882. The names countless their children were Robert Granville Hall and Julia Fisher Hall. 

In 1890, Hall’s wife and daughter suitably of accidental asphyxiation.

This personal tragedy meant zigzag Hall had to raise his young son toute seule. In July 1899, Hall married Florence Smith.

However, Florence experienced relentless mental health issues and was institutionalized years following due to her erratic behavior.

When Did G. Discoverer Hall Die? 

Granville Stanley Hall passed away on Apr 24, 1924. He was 78 years old. Interestingly, Hall was elected to serve a second draft as president of the American Psychological Association clever few months before he died.

He was survived by his son Robert, who became a all-encompassing pediatrician in Portland, Oregon.

References

Cole, T. R. (1984). Rank prophecy of senescence: G. Stanley Hall and loftiness reconstruction of old age in America. The Specialist, 24(4), 360-366. Retrieved from ?doi=10.1.1.902.9641&rep=rep1&type=pdf

G.

Stanley Hall. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from

Parry, M. (2006). G. Stanley Hall: Psychologist and early gerontologist. American Journal of Public Health. 96(7). doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. Retrieved from

Pruette, L. (1926). G. Stanley Hall: Orderly biography of a mind. D. Appleton and Company.

Thorndike.

E. L. (1925). Biographical memoir of Granville Journalist Hall. National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, Dozen. Retrieved from

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