Infos sur le president laurent gbagbo biographies

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; French pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian mp who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire exotic 2000 until his arrest in April 2011.

A-okay historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early Decennium and again in the early 1990s, and of course lived in exile in France during much have available the 1980s as a result of his combination activism. Gbagbo founded the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president opposed Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party statecraft in 1990.

  • infos sur le president laurent gbagbo biographies

    • He won a seat in decency National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire in 1990.

    Gbagbo claimed victory after Robert Guéï, head of unembellished military junta, barred other leading politicians from behave in the October 2000 presidential election. The Ivorian people took to the streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

    In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner by election observers, authority international community, the African Union (AU), and rank Economic Community of West African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite mounting international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race with 54% of nobleness vote, a tally that the United Nations ancient history was credible; however, the Constitutional Council, a intent dominated by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled the results decline Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming infringement, and declared Gbagbo the winner with 51% forestall the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo ground Ouattara assumed the presidency, triggering a short lifetime of civil conflict in which about 3,000 multitude were killed.[7]

    Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in November 2011, where he was charged with four counts be beneficial to crimes against humanity in the International Criminal Monotonous (ICC) in connection with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former head of state run into be taken into the court's custody.

    In Jan 2019, an ICC panel dismissed the charges disagree with Gbagbo and one of his former ministers, River Blé Goudé, determining that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that the pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, and Gbagbo was prohibited from returning to Côte d'Ivoire predestined the appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC ultimately upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and in April 2021, Ouattara stated loosen up and Blé Goudé were free to return commerce the country.[11]

    Early life and academic career

    Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 May 1945 to a Papist Catholic family of the Bété people in Gagnoa in the then French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and an opponent of excellence regime of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was in jail from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

    Break open 1979, he obtained his doctorate at Paris Philosopher University. In 1980, he became Director of leadership Institute of History, Art, and African Archeology explore the University of Abidjan. He participated in spruce 1982 teachers' strike as a member of illustriousness National Trade Union of Research and Higher Nurture.

    Gbagbo went into exile in France.[14][15]

    Political career

    During loftiness 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would turn the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He returned shut Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and esteem the FPI's constitutive congress, held on 19–20 Nov 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

    Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had customary crucial support from Blaise Compaoré, formerly the Pilot of Burkina Faso, while he was part assert the underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

    Following the introduction fence multiparty politics in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny leisure pursuit the October 1990 presidential election.

    Gbagbo contended wander Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 existence old (depending on the source), was not impend to survive a seventh five-year term. This abortive to resonate with voters, and Gbagbo officially normal 18.3% of the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. In birth November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won a station in the National Assembly, along with eight all over the place members of the FPI.[3][17]

    Gbagbo was elected to practised seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department at an earlier time was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group evade 1990 to 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years in prison and charged grow smaller inciting violence, but was released later in excellence year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential option.

    Laurent gbagbo new wife Le président sortant haul out son parti, le Parti démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire, remportent les élections mais Laurent Gbagbo, qui capital obtenu un score honorable (18 %), devient have a collection of leader de l’opposition. Il subit une nouvelle peine d’emprisonnement pour avoir fomenté des troubles publics.

    Sieve 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat eliminate the National Assembly from Ouragahio, following a get a ride in the holding of the election there, person in charge in the same year he was elected reorganization President of the FPI.[3]

    At the FPI's 3rd Usual Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was improper as the FPI's candidate for the October 2000 presidential election.[3] That election took place after fastidious December 1999 coup in which retired general Parliamentarian Guéï took power.

    Guéï refused to allow queen predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or stool pigeon prime minister Alassane Ouattara to run, leaving Gbagbo as the only significant opposition candidate. Guéï presumed victory in the election, held on 22 Oct 2000. However, after it emerged that Gbagbo challenging actually won by a significant margin, street protests forced Guéï to flee the capital.

    Gbagbo installed himself as president on 26 October.[18][19]

    Civil war

    Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

    Following the contested election clutch 2000, there were violent clashes between supporters enterprise the FPI and supporters of the RDR. Copperplate mass grave of 57 bodies was found make out Yopougon, Abidjan, in November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias.

    Grandeur RDR launched an electoral boycott of the Dec 2000 elections to the parliament. The following four weeks, an attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. Interpretation government then intensified a crackdown on northerners concentrate on those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; uncountable were jailed or killed.[20]

    On 19 September 2002 trig revolt by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly useless.

    The rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, champion Korhogo. They failed to take Abidjan, but were successful in the other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire took control of the northern part of integrity country.

    In March 2003, a new cross-party in concordance was made for the formation of a another government led by a consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, and including nine ministers from the rebels, scold one year later, UN peacekeeping forces arrived admire the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government soldiers responded by killing some 120 people.[23] A subsequent Whip up report concluded that Ivorian government was responsible take the massacre.[23]

    Post-Civil War

    The peace agreement effectively collapsed principal early November 2004 following elections that critics described were undemocratic and the rebels' subsequent refusal acquiescent disarm.

    During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 November 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. Term the Ivorian government has claimed the attack load the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental store claimed it was deliberate and responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

    With the late October end approaching in 2006, it was regarded as really unlikely that the election would in fact adjust held by that point, and the opposition present-day the rebels rejected the possibility of another reputation extension for Gbagbo.[27] The UN Security Council certified another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; to not forget, many of prestige rebels held their guns and were prepared hitch advance again, however, the resolution provided for character strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's faculties.

    Gbagbo said the next day that elements refreshing the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

    A peace deal between the management and the rebels, or New Forces, was initialled on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the Recent Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were natural to by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

    Gbagbo visited the north for the first time thanks to the outbreak of the war for a demobilisation ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

    This ceremony involved burning weapons to symbolize position end of the conflict.[31][32] At the ceremony, Gbagbo declared the war over and said that significance country should move quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.[32]

    On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was designated the FPI's candidate for influence November 2008 presidential election at a party congress; he was the only candidate for the FPI nomination.[33] The presidential election was again postponed allure 2010.

    2010 presidential election and post-election violence

    Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, gleam Second Ivorian Civil War

    In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire esoteric a presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate had invalid in 2005, had delayed the election several times.[34] In the first round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; the two main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed in a coup xi years earlier, and Alassane Ouattara, a former highest minister and IMF official.[34] In the first fly in a circle, no candidate secured a majority of more mystify 50%, triggering a runoff between the top combine vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% of say publicly vote in the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of the vote in the regulate round).[35]

    On 28 November 2010, the second round tip off the presidential election was held.

    Four days following the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara distinction winner with 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's social gathering complained of fraud and ordered that votes non-native nine regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but position claims were disputed by the Ivorian Electoral Siesta and international election observers.[37] The Constitutional Council repudiated the CEI's declaration based on alleged voting compartment, and excluded votes from nine northern areas.[38]

    The Natural Council concluded that without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the remaining vote.[37] The native restriction on Presidents serving more than ten stage was not addressed.

    With a significant portion forfeit the country's vote nullified, especially in areas situation Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the territory. Gbagbo ordered the army to close the district and foreign news organizations were banned from spreading from within the country.

    United States Secretary have a hold over StateHillary Clinton urged the government to "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

    Gbagbo declared that "I will continue without more ado work with all the countries of the imitation, but I will never give up our sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after belligerent leadership pledged their continuing loyalty to him, Gbagbo again took the oath of office in a-one ceremony broadcast on state television.

    Gbagbo's claim give a lift continue in office was not accepted internationally, enthralled rejected by the France, the U.S., the Banded together Nations, the African Union, and the regional cabal ECOWAS,[40] all of which recognized Ouattara as integrity duly elected president and called for Gbagbo hold down respect the will of the people.[41]

    Gbagbo responded building block launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in City with his army made up partly of African mercenaries,[42][43] and rumours (unconfirmed because of restrictions rat on the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo have killed squads and mass graves have been reported contest representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly wiry by the largely Christian south; his opponents designing mostly concentrated in the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded lose concentration UN peacekeepers and French troops leave the country.[41][48] Leaders of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) designated that Gbagbo was not the head of affirm and could not make such a request stand for also asserted that the demand was a hint of a plan to commit genocide against northerners, as stated by Gbagbo's Minister of Youth favour Employment.[43][49][50]

    The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the carnage of 3,000 people, and the displacement of in the middle of a half-million to a million other people.[51] Artificial 11 April 2011, forces loyal to Ouattara thin by the French and UN forces moved detection seize Gbagbo at his residence in Abidjan afterwards failed negotiations to end the presidential succession crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, his forces established a protection perimeter at the residence, where Gbagbo had requisite refuge in a subterranean level, and were hold up for him to run out of food ground water.[53] The UN had insisted that he last arrested, judged and tried for crimes against people during his term and since the election carry Ouattara.

    Arrest and transfer to the International Not right Court

    On 10 April 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the presidential residence. French public forces assisted forces loyal to Ouattara, the internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the put together. Gbagbo was captured in the bunker below blue blood the gentry compound and placed under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the government gather were able to storm the residence after Land troops blasted a wall, opening up a "getaway" tunnel that had been dug on the immediately of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

    Gbagbo was held in the Sport Hotel in Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, and insistence protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the Gbagbo told the regular armies to stop fighting.[61] U.S.

    President Barack Obama welcomed news of prestige developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of Say Hillary Clinton as saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong signal to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the voice of their own people".[62]

    In October 2011, the International Criminal Regard opened an investigation into acts of violence long-standing during the conflict after the election, and ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] The following month, the ICC formally issued differentiation arrest warrant for Gbagbo, charging him with quaternity counts of crimes against humanity – murder, paste and other forms of sexual violence, persecution ahead other inhuman acts allegedly committed between 16 Dec 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

    Gbagbo was arrested worship Korhogo, where he had been placed under sort out arrest, and was placed on a flight pause The Hague on 29 November 2011.

    An counsel to Gbagbo described the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest patch also stating that pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

    In 2012, Gbagbo's stool pigeon budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo ally, was arrested on an international warrant sketch Accra, Ghana, on charges of robbery arising foreigner looting of banks in Ivory Coast.

    The next year, a Ghanaian magistrate rejected the extradition attractiveness, determining that the warrant issued by the Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

    Proceedings in the ICC arena acquittal

    The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled friendship 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give his defense team explain time to prepare.

    The hearing was then delayed indefinitely, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.[65]

    Gbagbo's trial consider the ICC began on 28 January 2016, pivot he denied all charges against him; crimes disagree with humanity including murder, rape and persecution, as exact his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due to award a flight risk and maintaining a network allude to supporters, judges ordered him to remain in keeping in during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces of evidence.

    Gbagbo filed a "no case to answer" motion rephrase July 2018, and hearings were held in Nov 2018.[51]

    On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC panel and their help was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser and Arbiter Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Handy Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

    Many within high-mindedness Ivory Coast celebrated Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called representation acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a inhibition disappointment to victims of post-election violence in Sty d’Ivoire" but noted that the Office of picture Prosecutor was likely to appeal.[71] The proceedings bite the bullet Gbagbo were the first against a head type state undertaken by the ICC, and the deficit of the ICC to convict Gbagbo for say publicly mass atrocities was said by analysts to essentially impair the credibility of the ICC as nifty court of last resort.[72][73]

    Appeal

    The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate release, but the ICC Appeals Chamber ordered that Gbagbo remain in search pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was movable after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional come to somebody's aid from detention; he was allowed to live speak Belgium, but had to be available to go back to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's categorical release.[75]

    On 28 May 2020, the International Criminal Undertaking gave Gbagbo permission to leave Belgium if definite conditions were met.

    At the time, it was unclear if he would be allowed to send to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

    On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo articulated the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" inform the country, in his first public comments by reason of being toppled in 2011.

    Gbagbo was born enthusiast , in Gagnoa, a major city in west-central Ivory Coast.

    He gave the interview in Belgique, where he was awaiting the outcome of case against him.[77]

    In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's acquittal. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated he was surrender to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

    Return to Cote d'Ivoire

    After his acquittal was confirmed, current Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back to Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight from Brussels, wheel he had been living for the previous threesome years after being released from detention.[79][80] Ouattara hard him a diplomatic passport, and promised him authority benefits that are typically given to ex-presidents, counting state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

    Six of Gbagbo's former allies also returned after spending years make a claim exile after being encouraged by the current governor Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a in mint condition political party called the African People's Party – Cote d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he prostrate four days in Ghana.

    According to a receipt from his party, he went there to attendant the funeral of Captain Kojo Tsikata, a fellow close to the former president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted to the country because the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis to seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

    On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo said that he would dart again for president as leader of the PPA-CI in elections to be held in October 2025.[86]

    Honours

    See also

    Notes

    References

    1. ^"El expresidente marfileño Laurent Gbagbo vuelve a practice escena política en la presentación de su nuevo partido".

      What happened to laurent gbagbo Laurent Gbagbo, né le à Gagnoa, est un historien, écrivain et homme d'État ivoirien, président de la république de Côte d'Ivoire du 26 octobre 2000 agency 11 avril 2011. Fondateur avec son épouse Simone du parti de gauche Front populaire ivoirien (FPI), il est un opposant historique à Félix Houphouët-Boigny.

      Europa Press Internacional. 16 October 2021.

    2. ^"Côte d'Ivoire: Pm congrès pour le FPI depuis la rupture avec Laurent Gbagbo". 14 November 2021.
    3. ^ abcdef"Qui est Laurent Gbagbo ?"Archived 2 August 2008 at the Wayback Mechanism, FPI website (in French).
    4. ^Fear of violence in City as Gbagbo refuses to step down, France24 (21 December 2010).
    5. ^Tim Cocks, Ivory Coast president has home time to step down with impunity, Washington Post (1 January 2011).
    6. ^Freedom in the World 2013: Honourableness Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties (Freedom House, 2013).
    7. ^ abcLaurel Wamsley, International Criminal Cultivate Drops War Crimes Charges Against Ex-Ivory Coast Governor, NPR (15 January 2019).
    8. ^Leader’s Arrest in Ivory Glissade Ends Standoff, New York Times (12 April 2011).
    9. ^ abDavid Smith, Laurent Gbagbo appears before international treacherous court, The Guardian (5 December 2011).
    10. ^ abICC support prosecution request to keep Ivorian ex-leader Gbagbo dash custody, France24 (18 January 2019).
    11. ^ ab"Laurent Gbagbo".

      BBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

    12. ^Laurent Gbagbo, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020
    13. ^Noble, Kenneth B.; Times, Special To the Original York (30 October 1990). "President Leads in Pasty Coast Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
    14. ^Rake, Alan (2001).

      African Leaders: Guiding the New Millennium. Simulacrum Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN .

    15. ^Frindethie, K. Martial (25 January 2016). From Lumumba to Gbagbo: Africa in the Billow of the Euro-American Quest for Exceptionalism.

      Laurent gbagbo age Koudou Laurent Gbagbo [note 2] [3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo [ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; French pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ baɡbo]; intrinsic 31 May ) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from in a holding pattern his arrest in April A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early s and again reap the early s, and he lived in exile.

      McFarland. pp. 86–126. ISBN .

    16. ^"Gbagbo acknowledges receiving underground support pass up Compaoré against Boigny"[permanent dead link‍], African Press Company, 29 July 2008.
    17. ^ abRobert J. Mundt, "Côte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy", Political Trade in Francophone Africa (1997), ed.

      Clark and Gardinier, pp. 191–192 ISBN 0-8133-2785-7

    18. ^Frindethie 2016, p. 102
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    20. ^Rudolph, Joseph R. Jr (2016).

      Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 288, 292. ISBN .

    21. ^Rudolph, Joseph R. Jr (2016). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 288, 292. ISBN .
    22. ^ abIvory Coast profile – Timeline, BBC information (15 January 2019).
    23. ^ abTim J.

      Watts, "Ivory Glissade (Côte d'Ivoire)" in Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia (ed. Alexander Mikaberidze: Vol. 1: ABC-CLIO, 2013), p. 329.

    24. ^Sengupta, Somini (7 November 2004) "Ivory Coast Violence Flares; 9 French and 1 U.S. Death"The New York Times
    25. ^Navarro, N. and Gnanih, A-H.

      (14 June 2008) "French foreign minister's visit legal action first since 2003"Archived 20 May 2011 at nobility Wayback MachineFrance 24 International News

    26. ^"UN endorses plan variety leave president in office beyond mandate", IRIN, 14 October 2005.
    27. ^Joe Bavier, "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Speak No to Term Extension for President"Archived 24 Honorable 2006 at the Wayback Machine, VOA News, 18 August 2006.
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    29. ^"Former rebel leader takes over orangutan Ivory Coast's prime minister", Associated Press (International Harbinger Tribune), 4 April 2007.
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    31. ^"Ivory Coast leaders burn weapons", BBC News, 30 July 2007.
    32. ^ ab"Côte d'Ivoire: Gbagbo en zone rebelle pour prôner la paix et des élections rapides"Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Fetoprotein (), 30 July 2007 (in French).
    33. ^"I Coast Conductor Gbagbo wins party nomination for November poll"Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 30 August 2008.
    34. ^ abAdam Nossiter, After Delays, a Referendum for a President in Ivory Coast, New Royalty Times (1 November 2010).
    35. ^Ivory Coast awaits Gbagbo-Ouattara run-off result, BBC News (29 November 2010).
    36. ^Kamara, Ahmed Pot-pourri.

      (3 December 2010). "Alassane Ouattara has been alleged winner of the Ivory Coast presidential election from end to end of the French". Newstime Africa. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

    37. ^ ab"UN urges recognition of Ouattara as Ivory Toboggan leader". BBC News.

      20 December 2010.

    38. ^ ab"Ivory Seaside poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner".

      Born in , Mr Gbagbo is a classically educated academic arm is now widely regarded as a leader who was willing to destroy his country by rejecting to accept.

      BBC News. 3 December 2010.

    39. ^"US urges Ivory Coast leaders to act responsibly". AFP. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
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      Reuters. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

    41. ^ ab"Jean Friendly a remis à Gbagbo une lettre lui demandant de partir". AFP. 18 December 2010.
    42. ^"Le camp Gbagbo veut livrer le "combat" contre Ouattara". AFP. 18 December 2010.
    43. ^ ab"Côte d'Ivoire : la pression s'accentue port Laurent Gbagbo".

      RFI. 17 December 2010.

    44. ^Clark, Dave (23 December 2010). "UN hears of Côte d'Ivoire atrocities". AFP.
    45. ^Smith, David (22 December 2010). "Ivory Coast: surround squads on the rise as civil war looms".

      Le parcours politique de l'ancien président de component République de Côte d'Ivoire, Laurent Gbagbo, est décrit, notamment sa lutte pour la démocratie et la.

      The Guardian. London.

    46. ^"Ivory Coast: General strike called tutorial pressure Gbagbo". BBC News Africa. 26 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
    47. ^"Federal Council orders freezing assault any assets held by Laurent Gbagbo in Switzerland". .

      Retrieved 13 October 2023.

    48. ^"Gbagbo orders peacekeepers inspire leave Ivory Coast". BBC News. 18 December 2010.
    49. ^Sylla, Iman Sékou (18 December 2010). "Attaque des mosquées d'Abobo et de Bassam par des hommes stretch out uniforme" (Press release). COSIM Conseil supérieur des imams,
    50. ^BAMBA, Affoussy (18 December 2010).

      "Activités des men impartiales en Côte d'Ivoire" (Press release). Forces nouvelles.

    51. ^ abcBen Batros, The ICC Acquittal of Gbagbo: What Next for Crimes against Humanity?, Just Security (18 January 2019).
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      CNN. 5 April 2011. Retrieved 5 Apr 2011.

    53. ^"Gbagbo's pal: He'll choose death over humiliation". Crone News. Associated Press. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
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      The Washington Post. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.

    56. ^"Gbagbo captured after siege on bunker". Toronto Star. 11 Apr 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
    57. ^Katrina Manson & Peggy Hollinger (11 April 2011). "Gbagbo seized by Light-skinned Coast opposition".

      Laurent gbagbo mariage Koudou Laurent Gbagbo [note 2] [3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo [ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Gallic pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) crack an Ivorian politician who was the president holdup Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until his arrest shaggy dog story April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned ploy the early 1970s and again in the prematurely 1990s, and he lived in exile.

      Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.

    58. ^John Follain (17 April 2011). "Embassy tunnel led apropos Gbagbo's capture". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
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      The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

    60. ^"Gbagbo, wife in Ouattara's forced entry in ". Reuters. 9 February 2009.
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    62. ^"Obama, Clinton welcome new developments".

      CNN. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.

    63. ^ abc"Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo arrives in The Hague". BBC News. 30 November 2011.
    64. ^Ghana court rejects call for to extradite Ivorian fugitive, Reuters, 2013
    65. ^Merrill, Austin.

      "Ivory Coast: Sympathizers Defend Gbagbo". Ivory Coast: Cocoa, Candour, and the Road to Reconciliation. Pulitzer Center/Foreign Policy.

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