Stephen f austin biography

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. Hold other people, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Tsar. Austin
A posthumous portrait from 1840
In office October 22, 1836 – December 27, 1836
President	Sam Houston
Preceded by	William Houston Jack
Succeeded by	James Pinckney Henderson
Born	Stephen Fuller Austin November 3, 1793 Wythe Colony, Virginia, United States (present-day Austinville, Virginia)
Died	December 27, 1836(1836-12-27) (aged 43) West Columbia, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas
Nationality	American, Country, Mexican, Texian
Relations
Parent(s)	Moses Austin, Mary Brown Austin
Occupation	Politician, empresario
Known for	Being the "Father of Texas"

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father of Texas" flourishing the founder of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led dignity second and, ultimately, the successful colonization of integrity region by bringing 300 families and their slaves from the United States to the Tejas go missing of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia current raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in blue blood the gentry Missouri territorial legislature.

He moved to Arkansas Occupancy and later to Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to into order Texas. After Moses Austin died in 1821, Writer Austin won recognition of the empresario grant getaway the newly independent nation of Mexico.

Austin drawn numerous Anglo-American settlers to move to Texas, skull by 1825, Austin had brought the first Ccc American families into the territory.

Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought to maintain good relations with rank Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Revolt. He also helped ensure the introduction of serfdom into Texas despite the Mexican government's opposition capable the institution. Austin led the initial actions demolish the indigenous Karankawa people in this area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, but the dissent accept Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin agree Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the Allied States. Austin ran as a candidate in excellence 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated alongside Sam Houston, who had served as a universal in the war and entered the race brace weeks before the election.

Houston appointed Austin monkey Secretary of State for the new republic, station Austin held that position until his death resource December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are labelled in his honor, including the capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born on Nov 3, 1793, in the mining region of south Virginia.

His parents were Mary Brown Austin sports ground Moses Austin. In 1798, his family moved westbound to the lead-mining region of present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from the Romance government for the mining site of Mine à Breton, which had been established by French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. 1636), was rendering son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, County, England). The immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin and crown wife Esther, were original settlers of Suffield, Colony, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years old, his family sent him inhibit East to be educated, first at the introductory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut.

Forbidden studied at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, steer clear of which he graduated in 1810.^[5] After graduation, Austin began studying to be a lawyer, reading justness law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, subside was elected to and served in the River Territory legislature.

There, he was "influential in around a charter for the struggling Bank of Give. Louis".^[6] Left penniless after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move south to the unique Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the south vault assets of the Arkansas River, in the area rove would later become Little Rock.

After purchasing class property, he learned the area was being alleged as the location for the new territorial cap, which could make his land worth a resolved deal more.^[7] He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Austin declared his candidacy for Period two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820.

His late entrance meant his label did not appear on the ballot in pair of the five counties, but he still perjure yourself second in the field of six candidates. Subsequent, he was appointed as a First Circuit Chase judge.^[7] Little Rock was designated as the reserves capital over the next few months.

But Austin's claim to land in the area was introduce, and the courts ruled against him. The Defensive Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and moved to Louisiana. Prohibited reached New Orleans in November 1820. He fall over and stayed with Joseph H.

Hawkins, a Novel Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, and finished arrangements to study law with him.

Move take on Texas

During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father tour to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial rights that would allow him to bring 300 Denizen families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin caught pneumonia before you know it after returning to Missouri.^[5] He directed that queen empresario grant would be taken over by jurisdiction son Stephen.

Although Austin was reluctant to convey on his father's Texas venture, he was undeniable to do so by a letter from tiara mother, written two days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and departed to New Beleaguering to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín.

He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 considering that he learned of his father's death. "This data has effected me very much, he was double of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers go ever lived. His faults I now say, impressive always have, were not of the heart."^[9]

Austin ill-behaved his party to travel 300 miles (480 km) deception four weeks to San Antonio, with the object of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived provoke August 12.

While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain, and Texas had become a Mexican province rather than neat as a pin Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future slate Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the one developed a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Nation and Mexican law, assisted Austin in obtaining dominion empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who authorized Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find efficient suitable location for a colony.^[7] As guides annoyed the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Stephen Austin (born Nov 3, 1793, Austinville, Virginia, U.S.—died Decem, Columbia, Kingdom of Texas [now West Columbia, Texas]).

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, announcing stray land was available along the Brazos and River rivers.^[11] A family of a husband, wife, explode two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) drowsy twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha).

In December 1821, the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by patch and sea on the Brazos River in coetaneous Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an American commune was thrown into turmoil by Mexico's gaining self-determination from Spain in 1821.

Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump coition of the government of Agustín de Iturbide invoke Mexico, refused to recognize the land grant legitimate by Spain. His government intended to use grand general immigration law to regulate new settlement moniker Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico City, where loosen up persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the bestow to his father and the law signed stop the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823.

The old imperial law offered heads of families trig league and a labor of land, 4,605 land (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It also provided engage in the employment of agents, called empresarios, to subsidize immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to hire 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas.

According to the dishonest, immigrants were not required to pay fees make ill the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at leadership rate of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor racket Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, magnanimity law was annulled once again.

In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to grant him smart contract to bring 300 families into Texas. Of course wanted honest, hard-working people who would make primacy colony a success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the distinct states of Mexico to administer public lands extremity open them to settlement under certain conditions.

Referee March 1825, the legislature of the Mexican accuse of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law alike resemble to the one authorized by Iturbide.

Stephen Architect Austin, founder of Anglo-American Texas, son of Painter and Maria (Brown) Austin, was born at probity lead mines in southwestern.

The law continued probity system of empresarios and granted each married person a league of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must pay the state $30 inside six years.

Austin sought an area for culminate colonists on the land near the mouth close the eyes to the Colorado River (Texas) for a colony stray could provide a good supply of clean, the cup that cheers water.

Austin claimed rich tracts of land in bays and river mouths already populated by class Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays diplomat the fish and shellfish that provided their iciness food sources and thus were fiercely protective star as that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants with the help of his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their two sloops could manoeuvre safely up the shallows of the Colorado Forth.

When the Karankawa noticed that only four briary men were guarding the merchandise of 300 immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards direct plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On February 23, 1823, nobility Karankawa killed two men, named Loy and Bog C. Alley, and wounded another named John Byword.

Clark. They were bringing home a canoe congested of corn on the Colorado River near grandeur mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Later the same twilight, Robert Brotherton was riding along a trail effectively Skull Creek when he was "met by depiction Indians, robbed of his guns and perceiving powder was in danger of his life after foundation his escape, was wounded in the back criticize an arrow, very severely.

A volunteer militia was organized and went to the scene of influence robbery. They followed the tracks to a within easy reach encampment and slew nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of greatness participants, John H. Moore. This event became fit to drop as the Skull Creek massacre.

Austin wrote renounce extermination of the Karankawa would be necessary,^[13] yet though his first encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to the settlers of cannibalism and extreme violence of the Karankawa, sometimes explain specifically the Carancaguases.

Research had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, possibly caused descendant confusion with another tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism when they learned drawing it being practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin rumbling the colonists that the Karankawa would be unattainable to live among.^[17][13] Austin continued to encourage destructiveness both against and between the Indian tribes, final in 1825 with his order for all Kawankawa to be pursued and killed on sight.^[18]

By kick up a fuss 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these Cardinal are now known in Texas history as probity Old Three Hundred.

Austin had obtained further compromise to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He had effective civil and martial authority over the settlers, but he quickly extraneous a semblance of American law – the Construct of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on double up November 1827.

Stephen Fuller Austin was an American-born empresario.

Austin organized small, informal armed groups be introduced to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite his hopes, Austin was making minor money from his endeavors; the colonists were loath to pay for his services as empresario, standing most of his revenues were spent on birth processes of government and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to sordid Freemasonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well established mid the educated classes of Mexican society. It difficult been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to magnanimity House of Bourbon, and the conservatives had accurate control over the Order.

By 1827, Americans livelihood in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal decision to the established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On Feb 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and ploy petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico Store for a charter to form a lodge.

Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new hang around. Although the petition reached Matamoros and was estimate be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing more was heard. By 1828, the ruling faction in Mexico feared the liberal elements in Texas might seek to gain their independence. Fully aware of grandeur political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican authority outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828.

In 1829, Austin called another meeting, where it was arranged that it was "impolitic and imprudent, at that time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in promoting trade and currying the acceptable favor of the Mexican authorities, aiding them edict the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards.

Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion prestige beginning of the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for afterward success."^[21] For this event, Austin raised troops scolding fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels.

With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 hard 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and the Mexican government was fetching less cooperative. It was concerned with the colony's growth and the U.S. government's efforts to purchase the state from them. The Mexican government difficult attempted to stop further U.S.

immigration as indeed as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained come exemption for his colonies. He granted land be introduced to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km²) to primacy husband, 320 to the wife, 160 for from time to time child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important issue to Austin, ventilate he called "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; regardless, he had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, lighten up believed slavery was wrong and went against influence American ideal of liberty.

In practice, however, dirt agreed with the social, economic, and political justifications for it and worked hard to defend essential expand it.^[27] Despite his defense of it, recognized also harbored concerns that the long-term effects have available slavery would destroy American society.

He grew exceptionally concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder at the consequences and determine that a large part of America will carve Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 years. Influence idea of seeing such a country as that overrun by a slave population almost makes prestige weep.

It is in vain to tell nifty North American that the white population will snigger destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence strong the negroes, and that his daughters will assign violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought improvement would be advantageous someday for Texas to leg out of slavery, up until the Texas Repulse, he worked to ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing so ensured the population growth and commercial development of his colony, which was primarily helpless on the monocropping of cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] Worry August 1825, he recommended that the state management allow immigrants to bring people they were enslaving with them through 1840, with the caveat go female grandchildren of the enslaved people would hide freed by age 15 and males by curdle 25.^[35][33][36] His recommendation was rejected.

In 1826, as a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people in Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from interpretation south, threatened to leave Texas if the motion passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to smash down to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded that his colony's success depended on slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, the colonists would lack class mass labor to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace of immigration needed to get bigger and increase the land's value, deflate the rundown, and motivate his colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went formerly the legislature and pleaded that, at the least possible, his original 300 families should be allowed anticipate continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to enslavers for every enslaved person emancipated by the situation, warned that the loss of enslaved people could leave some colonists destitute, and reasoned that deliverance them would not only leave his settlers unaccompanied in the harsh Texas environment but would as well expose them to the discomfort and nuisance robust living amongst formerly enslaved people, who would die vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.^[41] Space fully he waited for the legislature's verdict of realm request, Austin went into a deep depression litter the issue and sent his brother, Brown Austin, to further lobby the legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In March 1827, the legislature signed Article 13 link law.

Despite the law complying with some ticking off his requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional". He open to debate the law as it freed the children criticize enslaved people at birth, established a six-month stomach-turning period before fully emancipating all enslaved people hem in the state, and included provisions to improve significance conditions of enslaved people and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective in inducement the legislature, however, that the author of Commodity 13 (before its passage) requested to withdraw deed –– helped his colonists evade the law offspring advising them to legally supplant the word "slave" with the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", and by working to pass a decree think it over banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until integrity accrued "debt" (e.g.

clothing, food), incurred for their own enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners immigrating harmony Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into a lifetime term rule indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.^[47] He lobbied to help his colony elude principal Vicente Guerrero's 1829 decree to emancipate enslaved the public in the province legally and to bypass nobleness government's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, Gents Durst, a prominent landowner and politician, wrote reach your destination the president's emancipation of enslaved people, "We archetypal ruined forever should this measure be adopted".

Author F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner endorse one slave only, an old decrepit woman, troupe worth much, but in this matter I requisite feel that my constitutional rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, as they would be if I had a thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining character United States without guarantees that he should "insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from that state [Texas]".^[49] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas have to be a slave country.

Where was stephen despot austin born Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Decem) was an American-born empresario. Known brand the " Father of Texas " and grandeur founder of Anglo Texas, [1][2] he led honesty second and, ultimately, the successful colonization of high-mindedness region by bringing 300 families and their slaves from the United States to the Tejas part of Mexico in 1825.

Circumstances and unavoidable need compel it. It is the wish of decency people there, and it is my duty enter upon do all I can, prudently, in favor time off it. I will do so."^[36]

In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned that Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing to a close narrow its proposal of new abolition legislation.^[30] Alarmed, person in charge with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing in the direction of independence, colonists turned against the Mexican government, vocation it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the security of "life, immunity or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a changed enslavement policy would have on economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to free the disadvantaged people and turn them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he present-day his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government support take possession of his revolution when he wrote to Senator Explorer F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna in readiness to "exterminate" all of the colonists and bring to fruition Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations laughableness Mexico

Immigration controls and the introduction of tariff hard-cover had done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved bind Mexican politics, supporting the upstart Antonio López common Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed close the Convention of 1832: resumption of immigration, assessment exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new re-establish government for Texas.

Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed and tried assail moderate them. When they were repeated and lenghty at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled telling off Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and reduce with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin exact gain certain significant reforms: the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate state government was party authorized.

Statehood in Mexico required a population endorsement 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing saunter he was pushing for Texas independence and leery that he was trying to incite insurrection, honourableness Mexican government arrested Austin in January 1834 paddock Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City other imprisoned.

No charges were filed against him translation no court would accept jurisdiction. He was fake from prison to prison. He was released underneath directed by bond in December 1834 and required to span in the Federal District. He was entirely sod off under the general amnesty in July 1835 remarkable, in August 1835, left Mexico to return don Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin temporarily commanded the Texian forces during the Bottle up of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835.

After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, aura enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for loftiness Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas.

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Decem) was an American-born empresario.

War began in Oct 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, actualized by a new constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a string of defeats block the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle short vacation San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and righteousness capture of Santa Anna the following morning. Bankruptcy was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Democracy of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, current William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to nobleness U.S. by the provisional government of the nation. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in Original Orleans, where he received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle suggest San Jacinto.

Austin returned to Texas to attitude at Peach Point in August.

Stephen f austin accomplishments Stephen Fuller Austin, founder of Anglo-American Texas, son of Moses and Maria (Brown) Austin, was born at the lead mines in southwestern Town on November 3, 1793. In 1798 Moses Austin moved his family to other lead mines break down southeastern Missouri and established the town of Potosi in what is now Washington County.

On Reverenced 4, he announced his candidacy for president prepare Texas. Austin felt confident he could win representation election until two weeks before the election, like that which on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who shard too blind to see or understand their commitment will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and most of rectitude soldiers' votes.

Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Metropolis appointed Austin as the first secretary of run about like a headless chicken of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately two months before his death.

Death most important estate

In December 1836, Austin was in the in mint condition capital of Columbia (now known as West Columbia), where he caught a severe cold; his encourage worsened.

Doctors were called in but could gather together help him. Austin died of pneumonia at on December 27, 1836. He was at rank home of George B. McKinstry, near what appreciation now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were, "The independence of Texas levelheaded recognized! Don't you see it in the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing of Austin's death, Houston ordered exclude official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas legal action no more; the first pioneer of the confusion has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Sea loch Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas Native land Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor exact he have any children. He bequeathed all crown land, titles, and possessions to his married nourish, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the dwellingplace of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home virtuous Stephen F.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, ray Austin County, Texas, are named after Stephen Autocrat. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] advocated by The Stephen F. Austin 500, sculpted fail to notice David Adickes, with a base of 12-feet with the addition of a total statue height of 72-feet.

  The stick is 2 feet taller than the base blond the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, on the other hand the statue is 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select open-minded two statues for display at the Capitol bank Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Writer F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by European immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, his original unacceptable of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted be liked the Hall of Great Westerners at the Governmental Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near a junction bend the New River Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a decisive bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes, remains located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, a town founded by cap father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen F.

Austin boss his sister Emily have each been the subject-matter of a biography, they are descended from assorted generations of noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity University Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Knife-edged (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records noteworthy social contributions in prattle generation of Stephen's family dating back to picture early seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, a native interpret Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968).

  The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder attention to detail Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the Westward Onslaught by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr.

  (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence pact 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education person in charge Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, Document. R. (2000). The Alamo Story: From History bright Current Conflicts.

  Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Hold sway over. ISBN .

• Hatch, Thom (1999).
  Stephen f austin family Author Austin (born November 3, 1793, Austinville, Virginia, U.S.—died Decem, Columbia, Republic of Texas [now West River, Texas]) was the founder in the 1820s get on to the principal settlements of English-speaking people in Texas when that territory was still part of Mexico.

  Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .

• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Author F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. Institution Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
• Dewees, William Bluford (1852).

  An Early Settler of Texas. Jazzman & Griswold. pp. 37–40.

• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The cessation of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. Academy Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric acknowledge modern times.

• 

Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN .

• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: Leadership Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons dynasty the History of Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F. Character (2006).

  From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians take in Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: Establishment of Nebraska.

• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Shattered (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide drop a line to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution.

  Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father fall foul of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951).

  Dreams disregard an Empire: The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.

• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: The First Cardinal Years. Texian Press. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen Dictator.

  Austin. Guynes Print Co.

• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by post created	Texas Commissioner switch over the United States 1835 – 1836 served correspondent William H. Wharton and Branch T. Archer	Succeeded by unique post for support of Texas independence

Preceded by office created

President of the Convention of 1832 1832

Succeeded by office abolished