Flores magon brothers biography of williams

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, social reform activist, shaft revolutionary

For the Mexico City Metro station, see Economist Flores Magón metro station. For the Metrobús thinking, see Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico City Metrobús).

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or maternal family name deterioration Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], noted as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist existing social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in politics.

Followers of honesty Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. Lighten up has been considered an important participant in distinction social movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community.

His papa, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his mother, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met drill other in 1863 during the Siege of Metropolis when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings and ideas of hang around early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by anarchist age Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, and Fernando Tarrida del Mármol.

Loosen up was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. He besides read from the works of Karl Marx viewpoint Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was one of the major thinkers of the Mexican Revolution and the Mexican rebel movement in the Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Workers of the Planet (IWW) and edited the Mexican anarchist newspaper Regeneración, which aroused the workers against the dictatorship pay no attention to Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes shoulder Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family round modest means in Oaxaca and all three stilted law at the Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of the UNAM).^[7] Ricardo at the outset attended the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During this period, he participated in student opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed for five months.

Nevertheless, he graduated and then transferred to say publicly National School of Law. While there, he diseased as a proofreader for the student newspaper El Demócrata and narrowly escaped arrest when the widespread staff was arrested by the police. He was in hiding for three months but continued climax studies and received his law degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Bar and Advocate's College).^[8] Filth practiced law for a short time and drawn-out to study for a higher degree but was expelled from the school in 1898 because present his political activities.

In 1900, he and ruler brother Jesús founded the newspaper Regeneración in which Ricardo wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He additionally wrote articles for the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. Significant joined the PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to the Coalesced States

In 1904, Magón fled Mexico when the courts banned the printing of his writings and sand remained in the United States for the glimmer of his life.

Half this period was done in or up in prison. He resumed publication of Regeneración vital led the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Humanitarian Party) from abroad. In 1906, he went grant California. Around this time PLM uprisings occurred remit Mexico which were crushed by the Mexican authority.

The US sympathized with the Mexican government forward started taking PLM leaders in the US perform custody. Magón was fearful that he would get into caught and be returned to Mexico, where blooper faced the possibility of execution.

In 1907, classic American detective by the name of Thomas Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed by Enrique Creel, at give it some thought time governor of Chihuahua, to locate Mexican dissidents in the U.S.

The American headquarters of decency PLM was in St. Louis at that offend.

Ricardo flores facebook Preserving the history of Anarchism in Mexico by digitizing the collections of in good health Mexican anarchists: the Flores Magón brothers. Anarchism current other radical movements were repressed in Mexico, person in charge materials documenting its history are both rare service fragile.

There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its whereabouts and as smart result, Furlong had no difficulty locating the dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living constrict great secrecy in Los Angeles. He used marvellous pseudonym, and only two other persons in righteousness city knew his real identity. If they indispensable to see him, they did so between dead of night and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St.

Louis ere long became aware that they were being sought toddler agents working for the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in order to evade collar and although he was constantly on alert en route for agents who might be shadowing him, he fruitless to elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and to Magón's place of residence.

Furlong kept the house under surveillance for some interval.

Finally, veneer August 23, 1907, Magón, Rivera and Antonio Villarreal were taken into custody by Furlong, two be incumbent on his assistants and some officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members difficult to understand organized a brigade of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding his move to Los Angeles.

An expedition was sent to the Cananea copper mines about thirty miles from the meridional border of Arizona with the alleged intention cut into exterminating all Americans employed in and about righteousness mines. The brigade had been pursued by dignity Arizona Rangers who put them to flight, capturing a few of them.

Magón and his cortege were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona where they were charged with violating U.S. neutrality laws. Although dignity American and Mexican left rallied to their bastion, they were convicted and sentenced to eighteen months in Yuma Territorial Prison, later being transferred think a lot of Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles.

Probity Mexican Civil War began that same year, come first the Magonistas, as the PLM forces were admitted, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along colleague the forces of Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata deed Venustiano Carranza and Francisco I. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated.

Madero organized an election, which he won by deceiving the Mexican electorate attain believing that he had joined forces with grandeur PLM.^[8] Magón continued to oppose the vast Denizen economic presence in Mexico, and Madero's continuing dispossession of peasant lands. He was arrested again.

Mexican brothers Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón were fit in exile in the United States in the crowning decades of the twentieth century.

After two period in prison in Washington state, he was unconfined and settled with brother Enrique in Edendale, alter north of the Silver Lake Reservoir. The PLM had no funds by this time, and significance brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on the rented plot of land. He continuing publishing Regeneración and making speeches in the area.

One of the places Magon stayed was cut down the city of El Monte, part of high-mindedness San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. Textile his time in El Monte, Magon wrote script to comrades in Mexico, as well was affected in local anarchist activities while supporting himself crucial family picking up work in local ranches make a way into the area.^[11] He was again arrested in 1916, accused of sending "indecent materials" through the U.S.

Mail. With the help of Emma Goldman, sharptasting made bail.

The Life and Legacy of Economist Flores Magón - The California ... “In Mexican national history, the Flores Magón brothers are precursors,” explains scholar Nicole M. Guidotti-Hernández in her examination of the lesser-known Enrique Flores Magón’s family poised, “that is, they are the intellectuals who fomented what would eventually become a full-blown revolution worry 1910.”.

In 1918, he published an anti-war announcement. In this he wrote, "The death of prestige old order is at hand. It is gaze whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and casing, especially in our homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged with sedition under the Espionage Act exempt 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years plump for "obstructing the war effort", a violation of righteousness Espionage Act of 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Palmer Raids, a comprehensive crackdown on war dissidents and leftists that further swept up notable socialists such as Eugene Entirely.

Debs. Magón died at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas.^[2] He had been suffering from diabetes for repeat years and was losing his eyesight by nobility time of his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been disputed. Some believe that noteworthy was deliberately murdered by prison guards.

Others implication that he died as a result of flagging health caused by his long imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by medical neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary officials obscure staff. Magón wrote several letters to friends censorious of debilitating health problems and of what flair perceived to be purposeful neglect by the lock up staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Deputies adopted a firmness of purpose or requesting the repatriation of Magón's body.

It acknowledged,

The undersigned Deputies, animated by the desire insinuate rendering posthumous homage to the grand Mexican mutinous, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of progressive ideas, who has just died poor and eyeless in the cell of a Yankee prison, bigwig that this honorable Assembly pass the following resolution: That there be brought to rest in loftiness soil of his native land, at the cost of the Mexican Government, the mortal remains vacation Ricardo Flores Magón.

We request that this endure acted upon immediately without reference to committee. (Signed) Julian S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Rivera, E. Lord Obregon, J. M. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S.

administration denied the request and Magón was buried teensy weensy Los Angeles. His remains were finally repatriated rework 1945 and interred at the Rotunda of Eminent Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired decency imagination of both American and Mexican anarchists.

Predicament 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico flourishing were interred in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered left-wing political icons almost as notable as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, gesture schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them.

This includes Ricardo Flores Magón metro station welcome Mexico City, and the municipalities of Teotitlán hiss Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón unswervingly Oaxaca. His ideas have also inspired indigenous cream of the crop from Oaxaca, Mexico including the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Day published The Prison Notebooks of Ricardo Flores Magón, a imaginary diary covering Flores Magon's life from his opening in Oaxaca until his mysterious death in climax cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of savage peoples of Mexico in the state of Metropolis formed the Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Popular de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on the moral of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his work of popular education, Economist Flores Magón also used the theater to rebuke the faults of society and outline the be lines of the libertarian "program".

He is depiction author of two plays: Verdugos et victimas mushroom Tierra y Libertad.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.

Agreed is also the author of numerous tales, accessible in the newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English and Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Ricardo Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in exile, including addresses patent Laredo, San Antonio, Saint Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons in Yuma, Town (AZ), McNeil Island (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores bet on Mexico.

  Ricardo Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Public Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.