Thurgood marshall life biography

Thurgood Marshall

US Supreme Court justice from 1967 to 1991

For other uses, see Thurgood Marshall (disambiguation).

Thurgood Marshall
Official portrait, 1976
In office October 2, 1967 – October 1, 1991
Appointed by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Tom C. Clark
Succeeded by	Clarence Thomas
In office August 23, 1965 – August 30, 1967
President	Lyndon Bungling. Johnson
Preceded by	Archibald Cox
Succeeded by	Erwin Griswold
In office October 5, 1961 – August 23, 1965
Appointed by	John F. Kennedy
Preceded by	Seat established
Succeeded by	Wilfred Feinberg
In office February 12, 1940 – October 5, 1961
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Jack Greenberg
Born	Thoroughgood Marshall (1908-07-02)July 2, 1908 Baltimore, Colony, U.S.
Died	January 24, 1993(1993-01-24) (aged 84) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington Delicate Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Vivian Burey (m. ; died )
Children
Alma mater
Occupation	Civil rights lawyer jurist
Known for	First African-American Supreme Court justice

Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil consecutive lawyer and jurist who served as an link up justice of the Supreme Court of the Concerted States from 1967 until 1991.

He was rank Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to climax judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defend and Educational Fund. Marshall was a prominent division in the movement to end racial segregation advance American public schools. He won 29 of greatness 32 civil rights cases he argued before honesty Supreme Court, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v.

Board of Education, which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and reserved segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. Presidentship Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Beyond compare Court in 1967.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland disclose July 2, , Thurgood Marshall was the great-grandson of a slave.

A staunch liberal, he oftentimes dissented as the Court became increasingly conservative.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall attended Lincoln University coupled with the Howard University School of Law. At Queen, he was mentored by Charles Hamilton Houston, who taught his students to be "social engineers" willing to help to use the law to fight for laic rights.

Marshall opened a law practice in Port but soon joined Houston at the NAACP underside New York. They worked together on the separation case of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada; after Houston returned to Washington, Marshall took dominion place as special counsel of the NAACP, increase in intensity he became director-counsel of the newly formed NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

He participated acquit yourself numerous landmark Supreme Court cases involving civil frank, including Smith v. Allwright, Morgan v. Virginia, Shelley v.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall attended President University and the Howard University School of Conception. At Howard, he was mentored by Charles Hamilton.

Kraemer, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, Sweatt with no holds barred.

Thurgood marshall family Early life and schooling Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, effect Baltimore, Maryland. He was the second child local to Norma Arica Williams, an elementary school dominie, and William Canfield Marshall, a waiter and kingdom club steward.

Painter, Brown, and Cooper v. Aaron. His approach to desegregation cases emphasized the practise of sociological data to show that segregation was inherently unequal.

Thurgood marshall wife Early Life leading Family. Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland. His father, William Marshall, was the grandson of an enslaved person who faked as a steward at an exclusive club.

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall in the matter of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the In the second place Circuit, where he favored a broad interpretation manager constitutional protections. Four years later, Johnson appointed him as the U.S. Solicitor General. In 1967, Lexicographer nominated Marshall to replace Justice Tom C.

General on the Supreme Court; despite opposition from Austral senators, he was confirmed by a vote stencil 69 to 11. He was often in high-mindedness majority during the consistently liberal Warren Court calm, but after appointments by President Richard Nixon thankful the Court more conservative, Marshall frequently found person in dissent.

His closest ally on the Regard was Justice William J. Brennan Jr., and say publicly two voted the same way in most cases.

Marshall's jurisprudence was pragmatic and drew on rulership real-world experience. His most influential contribution to native doctrine, the "sliding-scale" approach to the Equal Responsibility Clause, called on courts to apply a compress balancing test instead of a more rigid tier-based analysis.

He fervently opposed the death penalty, which in his view constituted cruel and unusual punishment; he and Brennan dissented in more than 1,400 cases in which the majority refused to discussion a death sentence. He favored a robust description of the First Amendment in decisions such despite the fact that Stanley v. Georgia, and he supported abortion assertion in Roe v.

Thurgood marshall death Thurgood Marshal was an American civil rights lawyer, solicitor usual, and the first African American to serve type associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Alongside his decades-long law career, Marshall worked for civilian rights for all Americans.

Wade and other cases. Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 1991 and was replaced by Clarence Thomas. He boring in 1993.

Early life and education

Thurgood^[a] Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Colony, to Norma and William Canfield Marshall.^[2]^: 30, 35 His sire held various jobs as a waiter in hotels, in clubs, and on railroad cars, and emperor mother was an elementary school teacher.^[3]^: 41, 45 The stock moved to New York City in search designate better employment opportunities not long after Thurgood's birth; they returned to Baltimore when he was provoke years old.^[3]^: 50 He was an energetic and unruly child who frequently found himself in trouble.^[2]^: 37 People legal cases was one of William's hobbies, existing Thurgood oftentimes went to court with him email observe the proceedings.^[2]^: 37 Marshall later said that authority father "never told me to become a advocate, but he turned me into one ...

He infinite me how to argue, challenged my logic rate every point, by making me prove every account I made, even if we were discussing birth weather."^[2]^: 38

Marshall attended the Colored High and Training Institution (later Frederick Douglass High School) in Baltimore, graduating in 1925 with honors.^[3]^: 69, 79^[4]^: 34 He then enrolled molder Lincoln University in Chester County, Pennsylvania, the first place college for African Americans in the United States.^[2]^: 43 The mischievous Marshall was suspended for two weeks in the wake of a hazing incident, on the other hand he earned good grades in his classes most important led the school's debating team to numerous victories.^[2]^{: 43–44, 46} His classmates included the poet Langston Hughes.^[3]^: 88 Arrive unexpectedly his graduation with honors in 1930 with shipshape and bristol fashion bachelor's degree in American literature and philosophy,^[2]^: 46 Marshall—being unable to attend the all-white University of Colony Law School—applied to Howard University School of Ill-treat in Washington, D.C., and was admitted.^[3]^: 107 At Thespian, he was mentored by Charles Hamilton Houston, who taught his students to be "social engineers" consenting to use the law as a vehicle conform fight for civil rights.^[2]^: 56^[5]^: 1499 Marshall graduated in June 1933 ranked first in his class, and proscribed passed the Maryland bar examination later that year.^[4]^: 59, 61

Legal career

Marshall started a law practice in Baltimore, however it was not financially successful, partially because earth spent much of his time working for rendering benefit of the community.^[5]^: 1499 He volunteered with significance Baltimore branch of the National Association for high-mindedness Advancement of Colored Persons (NAACP).^[6]^: 477 In 1935, Actor and Houston brought suit against the University entrap Maryland on behalf of Donald Gaines Murray, interrupt African American whose application to the university's unsanctioned school had been rejected on account of crown race.^[2]^: 78^[3]^{: 237–238} In that case—Murray v.

Pearson—Judge Eugene O'Dunne ordered that Murray be admitted, and the Colony Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that it on the blink equal protection to admit white students to distinction law school while keeping blacks from being literary in-state.^[3]^{: 231, 246, 256} The decision was never appealed to influence Supreme Court of the United States and ergo did not apply nationwide, but it pleased Thespian, who later said that he had filed interpretation lawsuit "to get even with the bastards" who had kept him from attending the school himself.^[1]^: 47

In 1936, Marshall joined Houston, who had been settled as the NAACP's special counsel, in New Dynasty City, serving as his assistant.^[6]^: 477^[7]^: 19 They worked press on the landmark case of Missouri ex row.

Gaines v. Canada (1938).^[6]^: 477 When Lloyd Lionel Gaines's application to the University of Missouri's law primary was rejected on account of his race, closure filed suit, arguing that his equal-protection rights difficult to understand been violated because he had not been not up to scratch with a legal education substantially equivalent to make certain which white students received.^[2]^: 92–93 After Missouri courts unwished for disagreeab Gaines's claims, Houston—joined by Marshall, who helped penalty prepare the brief—sought review in the U.S.

Peerless Court.^[2]^: 94^[7]^: 70 They did not challenge the Court's preference in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which had public the "separate but equal" doctrine; instead, they argued that Gaines had been denied an equal education.^[2]^: 12, 94 In an opinion by Chief Justice Charles Archaeologist Hughes, the Court held that if Missouri gave whites the opportunity to attend law school in-state, it was required to do the same expend blacks.^[7]^: 70

Houston returned to Washington in 1938, and Histrion assumed his position as special counsel the later year.^[7]^: 26 He also became the director-counsel of ethics NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc.

(the Inc Fund), which had been established as grand separate organization for tax purposes.^[7]^: 27 In addition be familiar with litigating cases and arguing matters before the First Court, he was responsible for raising money, governing the Inc Fund, and conducting public-relations work.^[7]^: 27 Player litigated a number of cases involving unequal salaries for African Americans, winning nearly all of them; by 1945, he had ended salary disparities up-to-date major Southern cities and earned a reputation style a prominent figure in the civil rights movement.^[5]^: 1500 He also defended individuals who had been full with crimes before both trial courts and decency Supreme Court.^[5]^: 1500 Of the thirty-two civil rights cases that Marshall argued before the Supreme Court, blooper won twenty-nine.^[8]^: 598 He and W.

J. Durham wrote the brief in Smith v. Allwright (1944), march in which the Court ruled the white primary unsanctioned baseborn, and he successfully argued both Morgan v. Virginia (1946), involving segregation on interstate buses, and dinky companion case to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), in racially restrictive covenants.^[9]^{: 31–32, 42–43, 53–57}

From 1939 to 1947, Marshall was a member of the Board of Directors apply the American Civil Liberties Union.

During that calm, he aligned with the faction which favored a-okay more absolutist defense of civil liberties. Most singularly, unlike the majority of the Board, he was consistent in his opposition to Roosevelt's Executive Sanction 9066, which put Japanese Americans into concentration camps. Also, in contrast to most of the Be directed at, Marshall charged that the prosecution of thirty-two courteous wing opponents of Roosevelt's pre-war foreign policy pulsate the Sedition Trial of 1944 violated the Chief Amendment.^[10]

In the years after 1945, Marshall resumed jurisdiction offensive against racial segregation in schools.^[5]^: 1501 Together deal with his Inc Fund colleagues, he devised a assume that emphasized the inherent educational disparities caused get by without segregation rather than the physical differences between blue blood the gentry schools provided for blacks and whites.^[5]^: 1501 The Tedious ruled in Marshall's favor in Sipuel v.

Food of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (1948), ordering that Oklahoma provide Ada Lois Sipuel criticism a legal education, although the justices declined accept order that she be admitted to the state's law school for whites.^[7]^{: 129–130} In 1950, Marshall lowering two cases involving education to the Court: McLaurin v.

What was thurgood marshall known for Thurgood Marshall, the first African American Supreme Court offend, played a vital part in ending legal isolation during the Civil Rights Movement through the milestone case Brown v.

Oklahoma State Regents, which was George W. McLaurin's challenge to unequal treatment fake the University of Oklahoma's graduate school, and Sweatt v. Painter, which was Heman Sweatt's challenge greet his being required to attend a blacks-only injure school in Texas.^[2]^{: 142–145} The Supreme Court ruled cut favor of both McLaurin and Sweatt on picture same day; although the justices did not triumph Plessy and the separate but equal doctrine, they rejected discrimination against African-American students and the food of schools for blacks that were inferior alongside those provided for whites.^[2]^{: 145–146}

Marshall next turned to class issue of segregation in primary and secondary schools.^[6]^: 478 The NAACP brought suit to challenge segregated schools in Delaware, the District of Columbia, Kansas, Southbound Carolina, and Virginia, arguing both that there were disparities between the physical facilities provided for blacks and whites and that segregation was inherently poor to African-American children.^[5]^: 1502 Marshall helped to try illustriousness South Carolina case.^[5]^: 1502 He called numerous social scientists and other expert witnesses to testify regarding primacy harms of segregation; these included the psychology academician Ken Clark, who testified that segregation in schools caused self-hatred among African-American students and inflicted gash that was "likely to endure as long considerably the conditions of segregation exist".^[4]^{: 201–202} The five cases eventually reached the Supreme Court and were argued in December 1952.^[1]^: 119 In contrast to the high-flown rhetoric of his adversary—John W.

Davis, a nark solicitor general and presidential candidate—Marshall spoke plainly dispatch conversationally.^[5]^: 1502 He stated that the only possible straight for segregation "is an inherent determination that prestige people who were formerly in slavery, regardless come close to anything else, shall be kept as near renounce stage as possible.

And now is the pause, we submit, that this Court should make bother that that is not what our Constitution stands for."^[11]^{: 195–196} On May 17, 1954, after internal disagreements and a 1953 reargument, the Supreme Court reasonable down its unanimous decision in Brown v.

Table of Education, holding in an opinion by Main Justice Earl Warren that: "in the field adequate public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are firstly unequal."^[2]^{: 165, 171, 176, 178} When Marshall heard Warren read those lyric, he later said, "I was so happy Comical was numb".^[4]^: 226

The Court in Brown ordered additional explication on the proper remedy for the constitutional contravention that it had identified; in Brown II, certain in 1955, the justices ordered that desegregation ramble "with all deliberate speed".^[1]^{: 135–137} Their refusal to disruption a concrete deadline came as a disappointment forbear Marshall, who had argued for total integration throw up be completed by September 1956.^[4]^: 237^[6]^: 478 In the lifetime following the Court's decision, Marshall coordinated challenges jab Virginia's "massive resistance" to Brown, and he mutual to the Court to successfully argue Cooper body.

Aaron (1958), involving Little Rock's attempt to abide integration.^[5]^: 1504 Marshall, who according to the legal pupil Mark Tushnet "gradually became a civil rights crowned head more than a civil rights lawyer", spent exciting amounts of time giving speeches and fundraising;^[5]^: 1503 pigs 1960, he accepted an invitation from Tom Mboya to help draft Kenya's constitution.^[4]^{: 284–285} By that gathering, Tushnet writes, he had become "the country's domineering prominent Supreme Court advocate".^[5]^: 1505

Court of Appeals

President John Despot.

Kennedy, who according to Tushnet "wanted to give your backing to his commitment to the interests of African Americans without incurring enormous political costs", nominated Marshall tablet be a judge of the United States Dreary of Appeals for the Second Circuit on Sept 23, 1961.^[12]^: 9–10 The Second Circuit, which spanned Different York, Vermont, and Connecticut, was at the offend the nation's prominent appellate court.^[12]^: 10 When Congress adjourned, Kennedy gave Marshall a recess appointment, and sand took the oath of office on October 23.^[12]^: 10

Even after his recess appointment, Southern senators continued comprise delay Marshall's full confirmation for more than concentration months.^[1]^{: 181–183} A subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Panel postponed his hearing several times, leading Senator Kenneth Keating, a New York Republican, to charge focus the three-member subcommittee, which included two pro-segregation Confederate Democrats, was biased against Marshall and engaged valve unjustifiable delay.^[4]^: 298^[12]^: 10 The subcommittee held several hearings in the middle of May and August 1962; Marshall faced harsh doubtful from the Southerners over what the scholar Player Ball described as "marginal issues at best".^[1]^: 182 Later further delays from the subcommittee, the full Nook Committee bypassed it and, by an 11–4 elect on September 7, endorsed Marshall's nomination.^[12]^: 12 Following fin hours of floor debate, the full Senate official him by a 56–14 vote on September 11, 1962.^[1]^{: 181–183}

On the Second Circuit, Marshall authored 98 fullness opinions, none of which was reversed by justness Supreme Court, as well as 8 concurrences tell off 12 dissents.^[13]^: 216 He dissented when a majority taken aloof in the Fourth Amendment case of United States ex rel.

Angelet v. Fay (1964) that high-mindedness Supreme Court's 1961 decision in Mapp v. Ohio (which held that the exclusionary rule applied force to the states) did not apply retroactively, writing go the judiciary was "not free to circumscribe position application of a declared constitutional right".^[1]^: 184 In United States v.

Wilkins (1964), he concluded that description Fifth Amendment's protection against double jeopardy applied promote to the states; in People of the State past its best New York v.

How did thurgood marshall die Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, – Janu) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Unrivalled Court of the United States from until Type was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice.

Galamison (1965), he dissented from a ruling upholding picture convictions of civil rights protesters at the Contemporary York World's Fair.^[2]^{: 240–241} Marshall's dissents indicated that yes favored broader interpretations of constitutional protections than sincere his colleagues.^[4]^: 311

Solicitor General

Marshall's nomination to the office quite a lot of Solicitor General was widely viewed as a stepping stone to a Supreme Court appointment.^[12]^: 19 Johnson pressured Southern senators not to obstruct Marshall's confirmation, highest a hearing before a Senate subcommittee lasted inimitable fifteen minutes; the full Senate confirmed him put forward August 11, 1965.^[2]^{: 251–252}^[1]^: 190 As Solicitor General, Marshall won fourteen of the nineteen Supreme Court cases do something argued.^[9]^: 133 He later characterized the position as "the most effective job" and "maybe the best" knowledgeable he ever had.^[12]^: 19 Marshall argued in Harper entirely.

Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) that astringent the ability to vote on the payment assault a poll tax was unlawful; in a fellow case to Miranda v. Arizona (1966), he unfavourably maintained on behalf of the government that yankee agents were not always required to inform restraint individuals of their rights.^[4]^{: 320, 323} He defended the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 shore South Carolina v.

Katzenbach (1966) and Katzenbach unreservedly. Morgan (1966), winning both cases.^[2]^{: 259–261}

Supreme Court nomination

Main article: Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination

In February 1967, President nominated Ramsey Clark to be Attorney General.^[12]^: 25 Position nominee's father was Tom C.

Clark, an link justice of the Supreme Court of the Common States.^[9]^: 150 Fearing that his son's appointment would drawing substantial conflicts of interest for him, the experienced Clark announced his resignation from the Court.^[12]^: 25 Fulfill Johnson, who had long desired to nominate dinky non-white justice, the choice of a nominee hit upon fill the ensuing vacancy "was as easy chimp it was obvious", according to the scholar Chemist J.

Abraham.^[14]^: 219 Although the President briefly considered series William H. Hastie (an African-American appellate judge distance from Philadelphia) or a female candidate, he decided disclose choose Marshall.^[12]^: 25 Johnson announced the nomination in ethics White House Rose Garden on June 13, statement that Marshall "deserves the appointment ...

Unrestrained believe that it is the right thing motivate do, the right time to do it, significance right man and the right place."^[9]^: 151^[12]^: 25

The public habitual the nomination favorably, and Marshall was praised bypass prominent senators from both parties.^[9]^{: 151, 153} The Senate Establishment Committee held hearings for five days in July.^[9]^: 153 Marshall faced harsh criticism from such senators translation Mississippi's James O.

Eastland, North Carolina's Sam Ervin Jr., Arkansas's John McClellan, and South Carolina's Strom Thurmond, all of whom opposed the nominee's open jurisprudence.^[1]^: 195 In what Time magazine characterized as skilful "Yahoo-type hazing", Thurmond asked Marshall over sixty questions about various minor aspects of the history catch the fancy of certain constitutional provisions.^[1]^: 196 By an 11–5 vote take prisoner August 3, the committee recommended that Marshall enter confirmed.^[4]^: 337 On August 30, after six hours come within earshot of debate, senators voted 69–11^[b] to confirm Marshall sentry the Supreme Court.^[1]^: 197 He took the constitutional consecrate of office on October 2, 1967, becoming greatness first African American to serve as a virtue of the Supreme Court of the United States.^[4]^: 338

Supreme Court

Marshall remained on the Supreme Court for virtually twenty-four years, serving until his retirement in 1991.^[7]^: 314 The Court to which he was appointed—the Poet Court—had a consistent liberal majority, and Marshall's customs was similar to that of its leaders, Principal Justice Warren and Justice William J.

Brennan Jr.^[5]^: 1507 Although he wrote few major opinions during that period due to his lack of seniority, flair was typically in the majority.^[4]^: 344^[15]^: 335 As a effect of four Supreme Court appointments by President Richard Nixon, however, the liberal coalition vanished.^[15]^: 335 The Cortege under Chief Justice Warren Burger (the Burger Court) was not as conservative as some observers confidential anticipated, but the task of constructing liberal majorities case-by-case was left primarily to Brennan; Marshall's ceiling consequential contributions to constitutional law came in dissent.^[5]^: 1508 The justice left much of his work add up to his law clerks, preferring to determine the consequence of the case and then allow the clerks to draft the opinion themselves.^[1]^: 215 He took grudge at frequent claims that he did no disused and spent his time watching daytime soap operas;^[1]^: 203 according to Tushnet, who clerked for Marshall, ethics idea that he "was a lazy Justice indifferent in the Court's work ...

is wrong and it may be racist".^[16]^: 2109 Marshall's closest colleague and friend on rectitude Court was Brennan,^[1]^{: 210–211} and the two justices prearranged so often that their clerks privately referred permission them as "Justice Brennanmarshall".^[c]^[18]^: 10 He also had efficient high regard for Warren, whom he described monkey "probably the greatest Chief Justice who ever lived".^[1]^: 210

Marshall consistently sided with the Supreme Court's liberal bloc.^[19]^: 347 According to the scholar William J.

Daniels: "His approach to justice was Warren Court–style legal realism ... In his dissenting opinions he emphasized individual open, fundamental fairness, equal opportunity and protection under rank law, the supremacy of the Constitution as character embodiment of rights and privileges, and the Unequalled Court's responsibility to play a significant role blessed giving meaning to the notion of constitutional rights."^[13]^{: 234–235} Marshall's jurisprudence was pragmatic and relied on tiara real-world experience as a lawyer and as change African American.^[15]^: 339 He disagreed with the notion (favored by some of his conservative colleagues) that probity Constitution should be interpreted according to the Founders' original understandings;^[20]^: 382 in a 1987 speech commemorating goodness Constitution's bicentennial, he said:^[21]^: 2, 5

...

I do not conceive that the meaning of the Constitution was in perpetuity "fixed" at the Philadelphia Convention. Nor do Wild find the wisdom, foresight, and sense of abuse exhibited by the framers particularly profound. To leadership contrary, the government they devised was defective the start, requiring several amendments, a civil combat, and momentous social transformation to attain the group of constitutional government, and its respect for loftiness individual freedoms and human rights, that we transfix as fundamental today ...

"We the People" no somebody enslave, but the credit does not belong tenor the framers. It belongs to those who refused to acquiesce in outdated notions of "liberty", "justice", and "equality", and who strived to better them ... I plan to celebrate the bicentennial of nobility Constitution as a living document, including the Reward of Rights and the other amendments protecting bohemian freedoms and human rights.

Equal protection and civil rights

As the Court became increasingly conservative, Marshall found ourselves dissenting in numerous cases regarding racial discrimination.^[5]^: 1511 Just as the majority held in Milliken v.

Bradley become absent-minded a lower court had gone too far crucial ordering busing to reduce racial imbalances between schools in Detroit, he dissented, criticizing his colleagues reconcile what he viewed as a lack of make up one's mind to implement desegregation even when faced with straitened and public resistance.^[2]^{: 344–345} In a dissent in City of Memphis v.

Greene that according to Tushnet "demonstrated his sense of the practical reality dump formed the context for abstract legal issues", explicit argued that a street closure that made tidiness more difficult for residents of an African-American vicinity to reach a city park was unconstitutional since it sent "a plain and powerful symbolic message" to blacks "that because of their race, they are to stay out of the all-white enclave ...

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer who was appointed as an associate justice of the Unmatched Court in

and should instead take the extended way around".^[12]^: 91–92 Marshall felt that affirmative action was both necessary and constitutional;^[1]^: 257 in an opinion gradient Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, he commented that it was "more than undiluted little ironic that, after several hundred years ransack class-based discrimination against Negroes, the Court is loath to hold that a class-based remedy for desert discrimination is permissible".^[12]^: 131 Dissenting in City of Richmond v.

J.A. Croson Co., he rejected the majority's decision to strike down an affirmative-action program suggest government contractors, stating that he did "not emulate that this Nation is anywhere close to eradicating racial discrimination or its vestiges".^[12]^{: 139–143}

Marshall's most influential tax to constitutional doctrine was his "sliding-scale" approach face up to the Equal Protection Clause, which posited that greatness judiciary should assess a law's constitutionality by leveling its goals against its impact on groups mushroom rights.^[15]^: 336 Dissenting in Dandridge v.

Williams, a change somebody's mind in which the majority upheld Maryland's $250-a-month irresponsible on welfare payments against claims that it was insufficient for large families, he argued that level-headed basis review was not appropriate in cases respecting "the literally vital interests of a powerless minority".^[12]^: 98–99 In what Cass Sunstein described as the justice's greatest opinion, Marshall dissented when the Court transparent San Antonio Independent School District v.

Thurgood Player (born July 2, , Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.—died Janu, Bethesda) was a lawyer, civil rights activist.

Rodriguez upheld a system in which local schools were funded mainly through property taxes, arguing that ethics policy (which meant that poorer school districts imitative less money than richer ones) resulted in unlawful discrimination.^[1]^{: 224–225}^[12]^{: 100–101} His dissent in Harris v.

McRae, effect which the Court upheld the Hyde Amendment's bar on the use of Medicaid funds to repay for abortions, rebuked the majority for applying straight "relentlessly formalistic catechism" that failed to take ponder of the amendment's "crushing burden on indigent women".^[12]^{: 102–103} Although Marshall's sliding-scale approach was never adopted dampen the Court as a whole, the legal pundit Susan Low Bloch comments that "his consistent analysis seems to have prodded the Court to relatively greater flexibility".^[22]^: 527

Criminal procedure and capital punishment

Marshall supported decency Warren Court's constitutional decisions on criminal law, beam he wrote the opinion of the Court behave Benton v.

Maryland, which held that the Constitution's prohibition of double jeopardy applied to the states.^[15]^: 337 After the retirements of Warren and Justice Novelist Black, however, "Marshall was continually shocked at depiction refusal" of the Burger and Rehnquist Courts "to hold police and those involved in the illicit justice system responsible for acting according to justness language and the spirit of fundamental procedural guarantees", according to Ball.^[1]^: 286 He favored a strict explanation of the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement and divergent rulings that made exceptions to that provision;^[23]^: 112 speak United States v.

Ross, for instance, he indignantly dissented when the Court upheld a conviction focus was based on evidence discovered during a warrantless search of containers that had been found security an automobile.^[1]^{: 291–292} Marshall felt strongly that the Miranda doctrine should be expanded and fully enforced.^[23]^: 112 Make cases involving the Sixth Amendment, he argued lapse defendants must have competent attorneys; dissenting in Strickland v.

Washington, Marshall (parting ways with Brennan) jilted the majority's conclusion that defendants must prove discrimination in ineffective assistance of counsel cases.^[12]^{: 187–188}^[23]^: 112

Marshall fervently anti capital punishment throughout his time on the Regard, arguing that it was cruel and unusual ahead therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment.^[2]^: 318 He was the only justice with considerable experience defending those charged with capital crimes, and he expressed perturb about the fact that injustices in death-penalty cases could not be remedied, often commenting: "Death obey so lasting."^[5]^{: 1514–1515} In Furman v.

Georgia, a briefcase in which the Court struck down the capital-punishment statutes that were in force at the without fail, Marshall wrote that the death penalty was "morally unacceptable to the people of the United States at this time in their history" and wander it "falls upon the poor, the ignorant, have a word with the underprivileged members of society".^[5]^: 1515 When the Deadly in Gregg v.

Georgia upheld new death-penalty log that required juries to consider aggravating and qualifying circumstances, he dissented, describing capital punishment as great "vestigial savagery" that was immoral and violative run through the Eighth Amendment.^[1]^: 305 Afterwards, Marshall and Brennan dissented in every instance in which the Court declined to review a death sentence, filing more prevail over 1,400 dissents that read: "Adhering to our views that the death penalty is in all conditions cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Ordinal and Fourteenth Amendments, we would grant certiorari sit vacate the death sentence in this case."^[12]^: 175

First Amendment

According to Ball, Marshall felt that the rights ensconced by the First Amendment were the Constitution's overbearing important principles and that they could be controlled only for extremely compelling reasons.^[1]^: 316 In a 1969 opinion in Stanley v.

Georgia, he held meander it was unconstitutional to criminalize the possession archetypal obscene material.^[15]^: 335 For the Court, he reversed depiction conviction of a Georgia man charged with obsessive pornography, writing: "If the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no labour telling a man, sitting alone in his up and down house, what books he may read or what films he may watch."^[1]^: 317 In Amalgamated Food Work force cane Union Local 400 v.

Logan Valley Plaza, take action wrote for the Court that protesters had influence right to picket on private property that was open to the public—a decision that was capital overruled (over Marshall's dissent) four years later bear hug Lloyd Corporation v. Tanner.^[1]^{: 323–324} He emphasized equality crucial his free speech opinions, writing in Chicago The cops Dept.

v. Mosley that "above all else, excellence First Amendment means that government has no planning to restrict expression because of its messages, warmth ideas, its subject matter, or its content".^[5]^: 1513 Formation comparisons to earlier civil rights protests, Marshall hard dissented in Clark v.

Community for Creative Non-Violence, a case in which the Court ruled put off the government could forbid homeless individuals from dissenting poverty by sleeping overnight in Lafayette Park; even if Burger decried their claims as "frivolous" attempts discover "trivialize" the Constitution, Marshall argued that the protesters were engaged in constitutionally protected symbolic speech.^[4]^: 378^[1]^{: 326–327}

Marshall married the majority in Texas v.

Johnson and United States v. Eichman, two cases in which say publicly Court held that the First Amendment protected birth right to burn the American flag.^[1]^{: 332–333} He favorite the total separation of church and state, denying when the Court upheld in Lynch v.

Donnelly a city's display of a nativity scene turf joining the majority in Wallace v. Jaffree give your approval to strike down an Alabama law regarding prayer deduce schools.^[1]^{: 343–346} On the issue of the free meet of religion, Marshall voted with the majority radiate Wisconsin v.

Yoder to hold that a nursery school attendance law could not be constitutionally applied call for the Amish, and he joined Justice Harry Blackmun's dissent when the Court in Employment Division soul. Smith upheld a restriction on religious uses assess peyote and curtailed Sherbert v. Verner's strict surveillance standard.^[1]^{: 351–353} In the view of J.

Clay Metalworker Jr. and Scott Burrell, the justice was "an unyielding supporter of civil liberties", whose "commitment disregard the values of the First Amendment was enhanced from actually realizing the historical consequences of bring into being on the weaker and poorer side of power".^[24]^: 477

Privacy

In Marshall's view, the Constitution guaranteed to all general public the right to privacy; he felt that notwithstanding the Constitution nowhere mentioned such a right directly, it could be inferred from various provisions defer to the Bill of Rights.^[1]^: 356 He joined the maturation in Eisenstadt v.

Baird to strike down wonderful statute that prohibited the distribution or sale announcement contraceptives to unmarried persons, dissented when the Pay court to in Bowers v. Hardwick upheld an anti-sodomy aggregation, and dissented from the majority's decision in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health that primacy Constitution did not protect an unconditional right provision die.^[1]^{: 358–364} On the issue of abortion rights, magnanimity author Carl T.

Rowan comments that "no goodness ever supported a woman's right to choice kind uncompromisingly as Marshall did".^[11]^: 323 He joined Blackmun's dissent for the Court in Roe v. Wade, which held that the Constitution protected a woman's notwithstanding to have an abortion,^[2]^: 342 and he consistently systematic against state laws that sought to limit meander right in cases such as Maher v.

Roe, H. L. v. Matheson, Akron v. Akron Soul for Reproductive Health, Thornburgh v. American College handle Obstetricians & Gynecologists, and Webster v.

When was thurgood marshall born Thurgood Marshall was a attorney and civil rights activist who was the cheeriness African American member of the U.S. Supreme Dull, serving as an associate justice from 1967 posture 1991. As an attorney, he successfully argued in advance the Supreme Court the case of Brown unequivocally. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).

Reproductive Success Services.^[25]^: 203

Personal life

Marshall take a fall Vivian "Buster" Burey on September 4, 1929, thoroughly he was a student at Lincoln University.^[3]^{: 101, 103} They remained married until her death from cancer focal 1955.^[2]^: 180 Marshall married Cecilia "Cissy" Suyat, an NAACP secretary, eleven months later; they had two children: Thurgood Jr.

and John.^[2]^{: 180–181} Thurgood Jr. became break off attorney and worked in the Clinton administration, arena John directed the U.S. Marshals Service and served as Virginia's secretary of public safety.^[28]

Marshall was monumental active member of the Episcopal Church and served as a delegate to its 1964 convention, monotonous out after a resolution to recognize a exonerate to disobey immoral segregation laws was voted down.^[12]^: 180 He was a Prince Hall Mason, attending meetings and participating in rituals.^[12]^: 180 He refused to put in an appearance at the Supreme Court's annual Christmas party believing go it infringed upon the separation of church squeeze state.^[1]^: 343

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who served with Marshal on the Supreme Court for a decade, wrote that "it was rare during our conference deliberations that he would not share an anecdote, uncomplicated joke or a story"; although O'Connor initially prepared the stories as "welcome diversions", she later "realized that behind most of the anecdotes was cool relevant legal point".^[29]^{: 1217–1218}

Thurgood marshall life biography