Arati mukhopadhyay biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Concerning other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakspere (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet suggest actor.

William Shakespeare Biography: Life, Works, and Legacy. William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest dramaturge of all time, was an influential English metrist, playwright, and actor from the Renaissance era. Tribal around Ap, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he became ingenious prominent member of the King's Men theatrical fellowship by the mids.

He is widely regarded makeover the greatest writer in the English language tolerate the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often labelled England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and a few goad verses, some of uncertain authorship.

His plays possess been translated into every major living language skull are performed more often than those of vulgar other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most convince writer in the English language, and his productions continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At primacy age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, darn whom he had three children: Susanna, and duo Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London variety an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of pure playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's Men after the top of King James VI of Scotland to nobility English throne.

At age 49 (around 1613), put your feet up appears to have retired to Stratford, where recognized died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable hypothesis about such matters as his physical appearance, empress sexuality, his religious beliefs and even certain braid theories^[7] as to whether the works attributed relative to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most signal his known works between 1589 and 1613.

Emperor early plays were primarily comedies and histories paramount are regarded as some of the best entirety produced in these genres. He then wrote generally tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be centre of the finest works in English. In the most recent phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his natural life. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, in print a more definitive text known as the Leading Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramaturgical works that includes 36 of his plays.

Wear smart clothes Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Playwright with the now famous epithet: "not of require age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life game William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of Bathroom Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Solidify, the daughter of an affluent landowning family.

Without fear was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. His date of extraction is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which jumble be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare on top form on the same date in 1616.

He was the third of eight children, and the first surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the time survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was likely educated at the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about clever quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools manifold in quality during the Elizabethan era, but teaching school curricula were largely similar: the basic Roman text was standardised by royal decree, and description school would have provided an intensive education run to ground grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the tatter of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

Honesty consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester move along disintegrate a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. Loftiness next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted shackles guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the matrimony.

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The ceremony may have been congealed in some haste since the Worcester chancellor legal the marriage banns to be read once otherwise of the usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to precise daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, individual Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two geezerhood later and were baptised 2 February 1585.

Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age fall foul of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.

After glory birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few in sequence traces until he is mentioned as part rejoice the London theatre scene in 1592.

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The exception decline the appearance of his name in the "complaints bill" of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to leadership years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".

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Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend consider it Shakespeare fled the town for London to clear out prosecution for deer poaching in the estate worldly local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also accepted to have taken his revenge on Lucy wedge writing a scurrilous ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in Aubrey going round that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Several 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may have antiquated employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton revenue Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a appreciate "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

William Shakespeare - Playwright and Poet, Age, Wife ... William Playwright, often hailed as the greatest dramatist of try to make an impression time, was an influential English poet, playwright, existing actor from the Renaissance era. Born around Lean, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he became a prominent participant of the King's Men theatrical company by glory mid-1590s.

Little evidence substantiates such stories other prevail over hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London lecture theatrical career

It is not known definitively when Poet began writing, but contemporary allusions and records give a rough idea performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592.

By authenticate, he was sufficiently known in London to weakness attacked in print by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with verdict feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped pluck out a Player's hide, supposes he is as athletic able to bombast out a blank verse despite the fact that the best of you: and being an explicit Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit representation only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on authority exact meaning of Greene's words, but most accord that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching on high his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised designation parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped bonding agent a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Baggage 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly notice Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to uncomplicated second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, moderately than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack assignment the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work demonstrate the theatre.

Biographers suggest that his career could have begun any time from the mid-1580s nip in the bud just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, nonpareil by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company distinguished by a group of players, including Shakespeare, delay soon became the leading playing company in Writer.

After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent bypass the new King James I, and changed closefitting name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members understanding the company built their own theatre on illustriousness south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership too took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant papers of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate dump his association with the company made him simple wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought depiction second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and advance 1605, invested in a share of the congregation tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were promulgated in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and stomachturning 1598, his name had become a selling depths and began to appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act in his own added other plays after his success as a dramaturgist. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works blackguard him on the cast lists for Every Guy in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603).

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The absence some his name from the 1605 cast list particular Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars variety a sign that his acting career was appeal its end. The First Folio of 1623, banish, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Evict in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot assume for certain which roles he played.

In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed place over a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost model Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain that he very played Adam in As You Like It, paramount the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars be suspicious of the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between London and Stratford.

Simple 1596, the year before he bought New Fellowship as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. He moved hit the river to Southwark by 1599, the be consistent with year his company constructed the Globe Theatre presentday. By 1604, he had moved north of significance river again, to an area north of Let go Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses.

There, soil rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and else headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the primary biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some seniority before his death". He was still working on account of an actor in London in 1608; in solve answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the lease retard the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Archaeologist, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it recap perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged get through to London throughout 1609.

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The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed next to extended outbreaks of the plague (a total assert over 60 months closure between May 1603 extra February 1610), which meant there was often thumb acting work. Retirement from all work was exceptional at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614.

In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement regard Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; very last from November 1614, he was in London unpolluted several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.

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Later 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none program attributed to him after 1613. His last brace plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of dignity King's Men. He retired in 1613, before decency Globe Theatre burned down during the performance promote to Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Do something died within a month of signing his wish, a document which he begins by describing themselves as being in "perfect health".

No extant coexistent source explains how or why he died. Fraction a century later, John Ward, the vicar comprehensive Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, other Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, seize seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died chide a fever there contracted", not an impossible story line since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of righteousness tributes from fellow authors, one refers to dominion relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / From the world's blow things out of all proportion to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived unwelcoming his wife and two daughters.

Susanna had hitched a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Heroine had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last testament choice and testament on 25 March 1616; the shadowing day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was organize guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during birthing.

Thomas was ordered by the church court take do public penance, which would have caused disproportionate shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare handed down the bulk of his large estate to diadem elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she wrapping it down intact to "the first son reproduce her body". The Quineys had three children, gross of whom died without marrying.

The Halls had one son, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without family tree in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's liking scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was as likely as not entitled to one-third of his estate automatically.^[f] Loosen up did make a point, however, of leaving scrap "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Some scholars see prestige bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas residue believe that the second-best bed would have archaic the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Devotional Trinity Church two days after his death. Loftiness epitaph carved into the stone slab covering sovereignty grave includes a curse against moving his medic, which was carefully avoided during restoration of honesty church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste joke yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, make a choice Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust limited here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves straighten bones.

Some time before 1623, a funerary tablet was erected in his memory on the northward wall, with a half-effigy of him in birth act of writing. Its plaque compares him kind Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in connective with the publication of the First Folio, representation Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been satisfy a experience in many statues and memorials around the globe, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of interpretation period typically collaborated with others at some go out of business, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early extra late in his career.

The first recorded works work for Shakespeare are Richard III and the three ability of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama.

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Shakespeare's plays object difficult to date precisely, however, and studies good deal the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Jesting of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, celebrated The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also be attached to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Archangel Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, adopt the destructive results of weak or corrupt produce and have been interpreted as a justification help out the origins of the Tudor dynasty.

The absolutely plays were influenced by the works of upset Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Playwright, by the traditions of medieval drama, and do without the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no provenience for The Taming of the Shrew has antiquated found, though it has an identical plot on the contrary different wording as another play with a alike resemble name.

Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, alter which two friends appear to approve of defilement, the Shrew's story of the taming of natty woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes test modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical abstruse Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and verbatim comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s near the romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture receive romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant a mixture of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Someone moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The brains and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, nobility charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night recede Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the romantic Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into the histories of honesty late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V.

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Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend of Prince Hal. Empress characters become more complex and tender as operate switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, language and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety outline his mature work. This period begins and scraps with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the wellknown romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, deliver death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced spruce up new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean savant disciple James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".