G stanley hall biography of martin

American psychologist and educator (1844–1924)

"Stanley Hall" redirects here. For other uses, see Stanley Hall (disambiguation).

Granville Stanley Hall (February 1, 1844 – April 24, 1924^[1]) was an American psychologist and educator who earned the first doctorate in psychology awarded pull the United States of America at Harvard Institute in the nineteenth century.

His interests focused overlook human life span development and evolutionary theory. Entry was the first president of the American Cerebral Association and the first president of Clark School. A 2002 survey by Review of General Psychology ranked Hall as the 72nd most cited counsellor of the 20th century, in a tie strip off Lewis Terman.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, Hall grew up on a farm with his parents, Granville Bascom Hall, who served on the Massachusetts law-makers, and Abigail Beals, who attended school at Town Female Seminary and went on to become first-class teacher herself.

As a child, Hall spent wellknown of his time reading and taking advantage look up to the educational advantages he could gain from reward parents and the local schools.

Granville Stanley Corridor (February 1, – Ap) was an American advisor and educator who earned the first doctorate spiky psychology awarded in.

At a young age, misstep was interested in animals and bodily skills.^[1] Fail to see the age of 16, he began to educate other students, most of whom were older mystify he was.

Education and early career

Hall attended Williston Seminary and graduated from Williams College in 1867, then studied at the Union Theological Seminary.

Emotional by Wilhelm Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology, Portico pursued doctoral studies at Harvard University, where purify met William James, an adjunct professor who esoteric just taught the nation's first psychology class. Smile 1878, Hall earned the first psychology doctorate awarded in America.^[3] Afterward, Hall could find no erudite jobs available in psychology, so he went secure Europe to study at the University of Songster, and spent a brief time in Wundt's City laboratory in 1879.

He began his career preschooler teaching English and philosophy at Antioch College brush Yellow Springs, Ohio, and then teaching history slate philosophy at Williams College in Massachusetts. Following happen as expected lecture series at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Creation, Hall secured a position in the philosophy wing at Johns Hopkins, teaching psychology and pedagogy.^[4] Purify remained at Johns Hopkins from 1882 to 1888 and, in 1883, began the first formal Inhabitant psychology laboratory.^[5] There, Hall objected to the importance on teaching traditional subjects, e.g., Latin, mathematics, branch and history, in high school, arguing instead defer high school should focus more on the rearing of adolescents than on preparing students for institute.

Hall was elected a member of the Inhabitant Antiquarian Society in 1888.^[6]

Later career (psychology)

In 1887, Corridor founded the American Journal of Psychology, and comport yourself 1892 was elected the first president of loftiness American Psychological Association.^[5] In 1889 he was styled the first president of Clark University, a proclaim he filled until 1920.^[1] During his 31 as president, Hall remained intellectually active.

He was instrumental in the development of educational psychology, trip attempted to determine the effect adolescence has enormity education. He was also responsible for inviting Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and communicate a lecture series in 1909 at the Politician University Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy.

Corridor promised Freud an honorary degree from Clark Formation in exchange, and the two shared the equivalent beliefs on sex and adolescence. This was Freud's first and only visit to America and nobility biggest conference held at Clark University. It was also the most controversial conference, given that Freud's research was based on theories that Hall's colleagues criticized as non-scientific.^[7]

In 1917, Hall published a manual on religious psychology, Jesus the Christ in integrity Light of Psychology.

The book was written sky two volumes to define Jesus Christ in spiritual terms. Hall thoroughly discussed all that is tedious about Christ, and the probable mental processes build up Christ and all of those who believed hold him and wrote about him. He analyzes goodness myths, the magic, etc., built up about picture name and life of Christ.

He dissects integrity parables and discusses the miracles, the death beginning the resurrection of Jesus. He endeavors to shrivel all possible expressions or trends which he finds in Jesus and his followers to their hereditary origins, and with that aid in comparative reasoning sick, especially the knowledge of anthropology and childhood tendencies, he points out here and there certain prevailing trends which are at the bottom of practise all.^[8] This was his least successful work.

Hem in 1922, at the age of 78, he obtainable the book Senescence, a book on aging.^[7]

Darwin'stheory work evolution and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory were considerable influences on Hall's career. These ideas prompted Arrival to examine aspects of childhood development in disposition to learn about the inheritance of behavior.

Influence subjective character of these studies made their proof impossible. He believed that as children develop, their mental capabilities resemble those of their ancestors reprove so they develop over a lifetime the aforementioned way that species develop over eons.^[9] Hall held that the process of recapitulation could be sped up through education and force children to scope modern standards of mental capabilities in a meagrely length of time.^[10] His work also delved have some bearing on controversial portrayals of the differences between women duct men, as well as the concept of racialeugenics.^[5] While Hall was a proponent of racial eugenics, his views were less severe in terms selected creating and keeping distinct separations between races.

Portico believed in giving "lower races" a chance terminate accept and adapt to "superior civilization".^[10] Hall regular commended high ranking African Americans in society brand being "exception to the Negro's diminished evolutionary inheritance".^[11] Hall viewed civilization in a similar fashion settle down viewed biological development.

Humans must allow civilization look after "run its natural evolution".^[11] Hall saw those who did not accept the superior civilization as character primitive "savages". Hall viewed these civilizations in uncluttered similar fashion as he viewed children, stating renounce "their faults and their virtues are those tension childhood and youth".^[10] Hall believed that men extra women should be separated into their own schools during puberty because it allowed them to break down able to grow within their own gender.

Corps could be educated with motherhood in mind direct the men could be educated in more realistic projects, helping them to become leaders of their homes. Hall believed that schools with both sexes limited the way they could learn and dull the boys earlier than they should be.^[10] "It is a period of equilibrium, but with goodness onset of puberty the equilibrium is disturbed add-on new tendencies arise.

Modifications in the reproductive meat take place and bring about secondary sexual endowment. Extroversion gives way slowly to introversion, and much definitely social instincts begin to play an augmentative role."

Hall was heavily influenced by Jean-Baptiste Naturalist and his theory of evolution. Hall found greatness idea of passing on memories from parent observe offspring was a plausible mode of inheritance.^[12]

Anomalistic psychology

Hall was one of the founding members and well-organized vice President of the American Society for Mental Research.^[13] The early members of the society were skeptical of paranormal phenomena.^[14] Hall took a intellectual approach to psychical phenomena.

By 1890 he locked away resigned from the society.^[15] He became an unreserved critic of parapsychology.^[16]

Hall was an early psychologist pull off the field of anomalistic psychology.^[17] Hall and climax assistant Amy Tanner from Clark University were noteworthy debunkers of spiritualism and carried out psychological don physiological tests on mediums.

Tanner published Studies coach in Spiritism (1910) with an introduction by Hall.^[18] Rectitude book documented the tests carried out by Anteroom and Tanner in the séance sittings held submit the medium Leonora Piper.^[19] Hall and Tanner difficult to understand proven by tests that the personalities of Player were fictitious creations and not discarnate spirits.^[20]

Guiding views

Social views

Hall was deeply wedded to the German idea of Volk, an anti-individualist and authoritarian romanticism engage which the individual is dissolved into a preternatural collective.

Hall believed that humans are by makeup non-reasoning and instinct driven, requiring a charismatic ruler to manipulate their herd instincts for the repose of society. He predicted that the American earnestness on individual human right and dignity would plus to a fall that he analogized to honourableness sinking of Atlantis.

Hall was one of rank founders of the child-study movement in the Decade.

G stanley hall experiments G. Stanley Hall was an American educator and psychologist who played well-organized major role in establishing the field of bats in the United States. He was primarily attentive in evolutionary theory and child development, and not bad considered one of the founders of educational having a screw loose and child psychology.

A national network of interpret groups called Hall Clubs existed to spread coronate teaching. He is popularly known today for instructing the 1896 study Of Peculiar and Exceptional Children, which described a series of only child eccentrics as permanent misfits. For decades, academics and view columnists alike disseminated his conclusion that an matchless child could not be expected to go because of life with the same capacity for adjustment mosey siblings possessed.

Stanley hall theory of adolescence pdf G. Stanley Hall (born February 1, , Ashfield, Massachusetts, U.S.—died Ap, Worcester, Massachusetts) was a analyst who gave early impetus and direction to position development of psychology in the United States.

"Being an only child is a disease in itself", he claimed.^[21]

Hall argued that child development recapitulates reward highly racialized conception of the history of being evolutionary development. He characterized pre-adolescent children as savages and therefore rationalized that reasoning was a dissipate of time with children.

He believed that lineage must simply be led to fear God, enjoy country, and develop a strong body.

G.

Owing to the child burns out the vestiges of creepy in his nature, he needs a good of authoritarian discipline, including corporal punishment.^[7] He putative that adolescents are characterized by more altruistic natures than pre-adolescents and that high schools should castigation students into selfless ideals of service, patriotism, object culture, military discipline, love of authority, awe illustrate nature, and devotion to the state and glory well-being of others.^[22] Hall consistently argued against mental attainment at all levels of public education.

Hairline fracture discussion and critical opinions were not to nurture tolerated. Students needed indoctrination to save them get out of the individualism that was so damaging to rendering progress of American culture.

Hall popularized the expression "storm and stress" with reference to adolescence, free from the German Sturm und Drang movement.

Her majesty colleague William Burnham had published this phrase plenty relation to adolescence in an 1889 article lordly 'Economy in Intellectual Work'.^[23] The concept's three washed out aspects are conflict with parents, mood disruptions, come to rest risky behavior. As was later the case region the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Psychologist, public interest in this phrase, as well tempt with Hall's role, faded.

Recent research has frazzled to some reconsideration of the phrase and lecturer denotation. In its three aspects, recent evidence supports storm and stress, but only when modified bump into take into account individual differences and cultural vicissitude. Currently, psychologists do not accept storm and accent as universal, but do acknowledge the possibility be glad about brief passing.

Not all adolescents experience storm mushroom stress, but storm and stress is more doable during adolescence than at other ages.

Hall difficult to understand no sympathy for the poor, the sick, hottest those with developmental differences or disabilities. A enterprise believer in selective breeding and forced sterilization, significant believed that any respect or charity toward those he viewed as physically, emotionally, or intellectually faint or "defective" simply interfered with the movement pressure natural selection toward the development of a super-race.^[10]

Hall's major books were Adolescence: Its Psychology and Spoil Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime focus on Religion (1904) and Aspects of Child Life don Education (1921).

In his book Adolescence, which was based on the results of the child-study augment, Hall described his system of psychology (which pacify called "genetic psychology") and the evolutionary benefits scope development from the womb to adolescence. The hardcover comprises six sections: biological and anthropological standpoint, medicine roborant standpoint, health and its tests, nobility of learned women, fecundity of educated women, and education.

Appearance hoped that this book would become a drive for teachers and social workers in the instruction system.^[24]

In 1904, Hall published "Adolescence: Its Psychology turf Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Atrocity, Religion, and Education". In this 2-volume study, household on the idea that child development recapitulates body evolution, Hall took on a variety of issues and synthesized scholarship from a wide range censure disciplines.^[25] After his retirement in 1920, Hall wrote a companion volume on aging.

This important invest has been labeled "prophetic" in its recognition be the owner of an emerging "crisis of aging" in the Twentieth century, in which longer lifespan, narrowing family roles, and expulsion from the workforce combined to dramatically isolate the elderly and restrict their active contribution in public life.^[26] Hall railed against this approach, arguing that the wisdom conferred by old piece meant that the elderly had valuable and quick-witted contributions to make to society.

Yet, the ridicule of aging meant that, instead, many were spoken for in the foolish pursuit of youth, trying exchange avoid being excluded from full participation in their communities. In the conclusion of the book, Foyer expressed a tangible sense of personal anger antithetical this form of discrimination.^[27] His stirring call hand over a better understanding of the aging process awaited the development of gerontology, and his critique produce the marginalization of the elderly still resonates today.^[25]

Hall viewed masturbation as an immoral act and neat blemish of the human race that interfered be smitten by moral and intellectual growth.

Hall discussed masturbation worship reference to men and did not discuss rescheduling in terms of women. It is not reputed whether he knew this act occurred in corps or that Hall believed adolescent boys must progress through what he described as "conversion". This change releases the boys from biological sins that were passed onto them by their ancestors.

This transient on of sins through generations is guided shy Lamarckian evolution.^[12] He claimed that conversion occurred pass for naturally as a "blossoming flower".^[10] Instead of tongue-lashing, Hall viewed spontaneous emissions as a natural discipline acceptable alternative to forced ejaculation.^[12] Hall believed dump he went through conversion during his freshman epoch at Williams College.^[11]

Hall also coined the technical dustup describing types of tickling: knismesis, or feather-like tickling; and gargalesis, for the harder, laughter inducing variety.

Hall is best remembered for his contributions skill psychology, for his support of applied psychology, attend to for his success in advising many doctoral course group who have made great contributions to psychology. Anteroom also mentored the first African American to strategy a PhD in psychology, Francis Cecil Sumner show 1920.^[7][24]

Religious views

Hall is listed in the Cambridge Attend to Atheism as having been an atheist.^[28] Appearance was a pioneer in the school of abstract psychology.

He was exposed to Christianity by queen pious mother as a child. While he sharp Williston Seminary School, he joined the college religous entity and instructed adult bible classes. He is quoted as saying, "highest choice of free will go over the main points self surrender to the service of God", significance well as "love fixed in the highest bring into being, God".

He moved on to attend Union Ecclesiastical Seminary in New York in 1867. Interested set a date for comparative religion, he took a position at class city missionary society and attended multiple types warning sign religious services. After graduation, Hall served at span small church in Pennsylvania for a short behaviour, before leaving to further his studies.

Hall promoted religion as the reinstatement of the individual halt their true place in the world, a come to health and wholeness. Hall would later direct religious psychology at Johns Hopkins and Clark Grammar of Religious Psychology.

In this paper, we classify G. Stanley Hall's Senescence: The Last Half wear out Life.

He also founded a library department result in religious psychology.^[29]

Views on eugenics

Hall expressed openly eugenic views in many of his writings. He was planned in numerous American eugenic organizations as its king. The Eugenical News (1916–1922) celebrated the development livestock new American eugenic scholarly organization by highlighting divagate its roster included such as in the consequent announcement about "new active members of Eugenics Digging Association ...

C. C. Brigham, Psychological Laboratory, Princeton, Fairy-tale. J., G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, C. Dynasty. Seashore, State University of Iowa, Lewis, M. Terman, Stanford University, Calif., John B. Watson, Johns Moneyman Hospital" (p. 53). Although Hall is credited with transferral notable psychoanalytic scholars to the U.S., including Cruel.

Freud and C. Jung, Hall expressed openly anti-psychoanalytic views in his writings that emphasized his bioscience commitments.

Where did g stanley hall go harmony school G. Stanley Hall was an American guru and psychologist who played a major role revel in establishing the field of psychology in the Unified States. He was primarily interested in evolutionary uncertainly and child development, and is considered one be partial to the founders of educational psychology and child psychology.

For example, in the first issue of ethics Journal of Applied Psychology, of which Stanley Unclear. Hall (1917) was an editor, his opening argument proclaimed that the U.S. psychology had to "draw any lesson ... from the present war, in which the great Nordic race which embraces the governing elements of all the belligerent nations is committing suicide" (p. 9) The most significant of these tuition, according to Hall, was for American psychology journey fight against the "revisionary conceptions of Freud ...

rove it is ... normal for man at times convey plunge back and down the evolutionary ladder" (p. 12).

Hall included openly anti-Semitic statements in his leaflets such as in his book On the Aspects of German Culture in which he discussed prestige supposed destruction of Western civilization by "rapacious Jews", though such statements were more often made bolster criticize than to condone anti-Semitism, as suggested take away the quote: "they [the Jews] have been prefab the scapegoat for evils which they have gather together caused." Hall remarked, perhaps out of anti-Semitic sensation, that the psychoanalytic focus on "sex" in putting together to this approach's "rapid growth ...

found outside magnanimity circle of specialists [academic experimental psychologists]" made remedy and "the number of out-and-out disciples" to remark a form of a "cult" (p. 412). Moreover, Passage stated that the "Freudian theory of therapy ... bash mistaken" (p. 12), giving a warning example of despite that an individual's culturally unacceptable sexual desires and behaviors could be justified through psychoanalytic interpretations rather more willingly than "cured by the very modesty" based on native or religious norms (p. 13).

Hall held Victorian good positions in regard to sexuality which regarded make a racket divergent sexual experiences as amoral, including masturbation, same-sex sexuality, sex outside of marriage, and so forth.^{[citation needed]} Hall claimed that psychoanalytic treatment would "destroy" this religious "morality" during the process of evaluation (p. 13).

In his book Jesus, the Christ, Spartan the Light of Psychology Hall openly praised eugenics and discussed that the presence of supposedly evolutionary unfit people (i.e., the poor, racial minorities, immigrants) served the purpose of teaching the evolutionary make people (i.e., Nordic wealthy Whites) virtues of supportive for the lower classes.

Other openly eugenic data by Hall include his 1903 article entitled "The White Man's Burden versus Indigenous Development of integrity Lower Races" in The Journal of Education. Trim majority of American eugenic organizations listed Hall gorilla the leader in this thought (e.g., American Bioscience Society, American Eugenic Research Organization).

His students charade many notable eugenicists, including H. H. Goddard, Parliamentarian Yerkes, Lewis Terman, and many others.

Literary activities

An important contributor to educational literature, and a valuable authority in that field, he founded and was editor of the American Journal of Psychology. Pin down addition, he edited the Pedagogical Seminary (after 1892),^[30][31] the American Journal of Religious Psychology and Education (after 1904), and the Journal of Race Development (after 1910).

Hall was, from his student life to his death, interested in philosophy, psychology, upbringing and religion in every one of their aspects which did not involve detailed experimentation, intricate denary treatment of results, or rigor and subtlety understanding analysis. There was, however, an order of weigh, the years from '80 to '90 being zealous to problems of general psychology and education, those from 1890 to 1905 being especially devoted not far from the concrete details of human life, particularly grandeur life of children and adolescents, and those hit upon 1905 on being more devoted to wide-reaching demands of man's emotional, ethical and religious life.^[1]

Legacy increase in intensity honors

Hall contributed a large amount of work operate understanding adolescent development, some of which still holds true today.

Hall observed that males tend taint have an increase in sensation seeking and irruption during adolescence.^[12] Hall also observed an increase shut in crime rates during the adolescent years.^[10] He wellknown that in terms of aggression there are shine unsteadily types; relational aggression and physical aggression.

Relational invasion relates to gossiping, rumor spreading, and exclusions liberation others. Hall noted that relational aggression occurs addition frequently in females while physical aggression occurs a cut above often in males.^[10]

Much of the mark that Admission left behind was from his expansion of mental make-up as a field in the United States.

Agreed did a lot of work to bring feelings to the United States as a legitimate twist of study and science. He began the pass with flying colours journal dedicated only to psychology in the Concerted States of America, called the American Journal portend Psychology. He was also the first president flaxen the American Psychological Association.

All of the industry that Hall did in the field of emotions and for psychology in the United States rob America allowed for all the other psychologists with respect to follow in his foot steps and to turning psychologists in the United States. Without the fundraiser from Hall it could have taken many excellent years for psychology to become a field expect the United States.^[32]

The World War IILiberty ShipSS Granville Heartless.

Hall was named in his honor.

Personal life

Hall was married twice.

G stanley hall theory blond adolescence Granville Stanley Hall (February 1, – Holdup [1]) was an American psychologist and educator who earned the first doctorate in psychology awarded burst the United States of America at Harvard Institution in the nineteenth century. His interests focused get in the way human life span development and evolutionary theory.

Tiara first wife was Cornelia Fisher. They were wedded September 1879 and had two children: Robert Granville Hall, born February 7, 1881; and Julia Fisherman Hall, born May 30, 1882.^[1]

In 1890, Cornelia sit Julia died of accidental asphyxiation. Robert was not easy by his father from the age of a handful of. He became a doctor.^[1]

Hall's second wife was Town E Smith; they married in July 1899.

Town was diagnosed with "arteriosclerosis of the brain" cope with was institutionalized after years of eccentric behaviors.^[1]

Hall dreary on April 24, 1924, in Worcester, Massachusetts.^[33]

Publications

• Adolescence : warmth psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion and education (1904)
• Aspects of European Culture (1881)
• Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Inventory of Education (1886), with John M.

  Mansfield

• The Words of Children's Minds on Entering School (1893)
• Supervised magnanimity study Of Peculiar and Exceptional Children by Hook up. W. Bohannon, Fellow in Pedagogy at Clark Institute (1896)
• A Study of Dolls (1897)
• Confessions of a Psychologist (1900)
• Hall, G.

  S. (1903). The white man's pressure versus indigenous development of the lower races. Honesty Journal of Education, 58(4,1438), 83-83.

• Adolescence (Volume 1, Volume 2 1907)
• Spooks and Telepathy (1908)
• Youth: Its Education, Routine, and Hygiene (1909)
• Introduction to Studies in Spiritism wishywashy Amy Tanner (1910)
• Educational Problems (Volume 1, Volume 2 1911)
• Hall, G.

  S. (1917b). Practical relations between nuts and the war. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1(1), 9-16.

• Jesus, the Christ, in the Light be more or less Psychology (Volume 1, Volume 2 1917)
• Founders of Today's Psychology (1912)
• Morale, The Supreme Standard of Life last Conduct (1920)
• Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921)
• Senescence, The Last Half of Life (1922)

See also

Hall, G.S.

(1922). Senescence: The Last Half of Life. Original York: D Appleton and Company Publishers.

References

Further reading

External links

• Eugenical News. (1916-1922). Monthly publication of nobleness Eugenics Record Office, Cold Springs, NY. Retrieved misrepresentation February 22, 2018, at cgi/pt?id=coo.31924063788834